Description
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTION
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION
- TYPES OF X-RAYS
- USES OF MEDICAL X-RAYS
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF X-RAY
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESULT AND DISCUSSION
- REMEDY TO EXCESSIVE DOSE OF X-RAY RADIATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light. Unlike light, however, x-rays have higher energy and can pass through most objects, including the body. Medical x-rays are used to generate images of tissues and structures inside the body. If x-rays travelling through the body also pass through an x-ray detector on the other side of the patient, an image will be formed that represents the “shadows” formed by the objects inside the body.
X-rays are a naturally occurring form of electromagnetic radiation. They are produced when charged particles of sufficient energy hit a material.
Over the years, scientists have shown concern over the health implications of X-rays. After all, they involve firing radiation at the patient.
Wilhelm Röntgen is credited with first describing X-rays. Just weeks after he discovered that they could help visualize bones, X-rays were being used in a medical setting.
The first person to receive an X-ray for medical purposes was young Eddie McCarthy of Hanover, who fell while skating on the Connecticut River in 1896 and fractured his left wrist.
Everyone on the planet is exposed to a certain amount of radiation as they go about their daily lives. Radioactive material is found naturally in the air, soil, water, rocks, and vegetation. The greatest source of natural radiation for most people is radon.
Additionally, the Earth is constantly bombarded by cosmic radiation, which includes X-rays. These rays are not harmless but they are unavoidable, and the radiation is at such low levels that its effects are virtually unnoticed.
Pilots, cabin crew, and astronauts are at more risk of higher doses because of the increased exposure to cosmic rays at altitude. The main aim of this study is to carry out a research on the effect of excessive dose of x-ray radiation and its remedy.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
There has been a lot concern about radiation exposure from medical imaging, and many patients are asking about it. They want to know if radiation from mammograms, bone density tests, computed tomography (CT) scans, and so forth will increase their risk of developing sickness like cancer. For most women, there’s very little risk from routine x-ray imaging such as mammography or dental x-rays. But many experts are concerned about an explosion in the use of higher (excess) radiation–dose tests, such as CT and nuclear imaging. The study was carried out to enlighten the reader about the effects of excess dose of x-ray radiation and also provide its remedy.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to carry out a study on the effects of excessive dose of x ray radiation and it remedy. The objectives are:
- To understand the medical application of x-ray
- To study different types of x-ray and how much radiation different types of X–
- To the study the uses and danger of using x-ray
- To study remedies of excess x-ray radiation.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Everyone is exposed to small doses of ionizing radiation from natural sources all the time — in particular, cosmic radiation, mainly from the sun, and radon, a radioactive gas that comes from the natural breakdown of uranium in soil, rock, water, and building materials. How much of this so-called background radiation you are exposed to depends on many factors, including altitude and home ventilation. But CT scans give the largest dose of X–rays compared to other X–ray procedures. This study determines the level of dose in X-ray, the effect and remedies.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
- How harmful is Xray radiation?
- How much radiation do you get from an X-ray?
- How many X-ray exposures are dangerous?
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will throw more light on the best techniques for protecting oneself from radiation. This study will also be designed to be of immense benefit to all who use radiation and also to patients who have been scan or about to use x-ray for any health treatment
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
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