Description
ABSTRACT
Voltage regulators are used for many appliances in homes, offices and industries. The mains supply suffers from large voltage drops due to losses on the distribution lines en route. A voltage regulator maintains the voltage to the appliance at the nominal value of around 220 volts even if the input main fluctuates over a wide range.
In this work, an automatic voltage regulator that can be adapted to any power rating. Its intelligence lays in the program on PIC16F877A—a low-cost microcontroller that is readily available. The circuit, when used with any appliance, will maintain the voltage at around 220V even if the input mains voltage varies between 90V and 240V.
This acts within 100ms to produce a smoothly varying output whenever input mains voltage changes. (Servo stabilizers move a variable contact on a toroidal auto transformer to adjust the output when input goes up and down, which takes seconds.)
The PIC16F877A is an RISC (reduced instruction set computer) microcontroller with 35 instructions, and hence program development with it is rather tough. But, there are good support programs.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgment
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the project
1.2 problem statement
1.3 Aim/objective of the project
1.4 Significance of the project
1.5 Scope of the project
1.6 Limitation of the project
1.7 Application of the project
1.8 Definition of terms
1.9 Methodology
1.10 Project organisation
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
- Historical background of the project
- Stages in the development of voltage regulator
- Stabilizer grading
- Types of regulator
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 construction methodology
- Block diagram
- Circuit diagram
- Circuit description
- System operation
- Description of major components used
- Cost analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result analysis
- Construction procedure
- Casing and packaging
- Assembling section
- System testing
- Design precaution
CHAPTER FIVE
- Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
- References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria and some other parts of the world today, the electricity power supply to consumers (at homes and industries) are not maintained at a stipulated voltage say 240 volts. But the electronic gadgets and some other power operated machines, that we use in our homes, offices and industries requires power with constant or nearly constant voltage for their efficiency, and to avoid damage by the voltage (Harper C, 2017).
Voltage regulator is an electronic control circuit or device that is capable of providing a constant or nearly constant output voltage even when there is variation in load or input voltage as low as 90 volt can be boast up to 240 volt by regulator at output stage without any voltage fluctuation (Harper C, 2017).
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
There are many fundamental different types of regulator in use some of which are electron mechanically tap changer, solid state tap changer etc. voltage, stabilizer came into being not by normal design and plain, but as a means of solving electrical “Crisis” situation. This crisis situation does rarely occur in developed countries of the world such as Britain, American, Germany.
Their system of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity is such that a devoid of variation of fluctuation in the supplied voltage. Now, by the definition given by K.G Jackson and R. Feinberg, a voltage regulator is a piece device incorporated in a circuit to maintain a constant output voltage from a poorly generated power supply. A voltage regulator like any other piece of equipment is a combination of many electrical and like any other piece of equipment is a combination of many electrical and electronic and circuit with the aim of getting the assemble to perform a specified desired task or function [Oakes, 2017].
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The rate at which our appliances get burnt is higher most especially appliances without transformer such as our cell phone chargers and lanterns. And this problem is usually caused by either over voltage or under voltage. Due to this problems, a voltage stabilizer was designed which regulates under and over voltages to normal 220vac. An automatic voltage regulator regulates the AC voltage and keeps from lower or higher to normal. It protects any electronic device connected to it from getting damaged.
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
This work is aimed at maintaining the stable voltage level to provide a constant supply in spite of any fluctuations or changes in supply in order to protect the home appliances. The objective of this work are:
- To step up and step down the voltage when the supply is faulty thereby preventing the life spans of electronic any electrical and electric devices that make the use of it.
- To filter current which bring smothering the components that can make use of it.(Oakes, 2017).
- To main a regulated voltage output
- To digitally display the input and out voltage of the device.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The Automatic voltage regulator is a voltage regulator planned to mechanically sustain a constant voltage level. It is very device to maintain a constant voltage level. It can also use electromechanical components. It can be used majorly to regulate one or more DC or AC depending on the design. Therefore, the functions of this equipment are very wide and can be used majorly for various purposes. Electronic voltage regulator can be used majorly for various purposes. It has various functions like it can be used mainly for stabilizing the DC voltages that can be used by the processor and its main parts. In central power station generator plants and automobile alternators, voltage regulator controls the output of the plant according to Oakes (2017). In this distribution system, it may be installed at along distribution lines so that all clients recognize steady voltage self-regulating of how much power is drawn from the line. There are many functions of operating the AC depending upon the design. It is very good option to maintain the constant voltage level. Automatic voltage regulator is a superb invention of science, which is an electric device designed to authorize a constant voltage in a settable level. It is very helpful to maintain the preferred voltage for the generators within particular limits. The main working of it depends upon the laws of electromechanical physics. It consists of numerous vigorous and unreceptive electrical parts like thermostats, adopters and diodes. Apart from this, there are many reliable Automotive Suppliers in India that produce many kinds of equipments like generator, regulator and other major parts. They are well known for various kinds of functions and various specifications. They not only produce higher quality products, but also they will provide some additional benefits with the parts of these equipments. Auto Voltage stabilizer Generator is the most important part for great amplifier to work. Its types are many, but they are highly in functionality and better performance. They are well equipped with self functioning controls and starts up functions which make them very easy and useful to handle easily and completely. They have different sizes, shapes and colors. There are also automatic stabilizers which are so small that they can be easily places on a small printed circuit board. They are very easy and portable to handle. They may cover a higher volume of small house sometimes. Therefore, there is a wide variety in the automatic voltage regulator each has its own specifications (Oakes, 2017).
1.6 THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this work covers building an automatic voltage regulator. We are working on this machine because we have some idea on how this machine can be constructed and also on how it works. We are also doing this because we want to learn more about it.
As we have mentioned earlier, this device is a protective device that protects our electrical and electronic appliances out of current and voltage fluctuation. This is how it works. When this system is plugged into the socket or supply, it will receive a minimum voltage of 100v and filter the current and voltage thereby brings out suitable voltage output to be used by the devices in it [Jackson, 2011].
So, we are building or constructing this device to reduce risk and damages the fluctuation of current / voltage caused by power fluctuations.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The system design shall be capable of operating at an input frequency range of -15% to +10% of nominal, without clearing protective devices or causing component failure within the AVS. When generator or utility power is restored, the AVS shall automatically restart. Upon turn on or restart, the output of the AVS shall not exceed the specified output regulation limits [Michael 2018].
If the input voltage or frequency exceeds programmable minimum or maximum set points for a programmable time period (factory set for 10 seconds), the AVS shall electronically shut off. When electrical parameters are back within acceptable limits for a programmable time period (factory set for 60 seconds), the AVS shall automatically restart to provide conditioned power to the load. If the input parameters are within acceptable limits, but the output voltage is outside of acceptable programmed limits, the AVS shall electronically shut off and require a manual restart.
The AVS shall be capable of operating at 100% rated load capacity continuously, 200% rated load for 10 seconds, 500% rated load for 1 second and 1000% rated load for 1 cycle. Operating efficiency shall be a minimum of 96%, typical at full load.
Transformer winding shall be continuous copper with electrostatic tripled shielding and K-13 rated for the purpose of handling harmonic currents.
Response Time: The AVS shall respond to any line voltage variation in 1/2 cycle while operating linear or non-linear loads, with a load power factor of 0.60 of unity. Peak detection of the voltage sine wave shall not be permitted to avoid inaccurate tap switching due to input voltage distortion.
Operating Frequency: The AVS shall be capable of operating at +10% to -15% of the nominal frequency, 50Hz or 60Hz.
Rating: this device shall be rated at 2kVA.
Access Requirements: The AVS shall have removable panels on the front, rear and sides as required for ease of maintenance and/or repair.
Metering: An input meter is provided to display line voltages
Ventilation: The AVS isolation transformer shall be designed for convection cooling. If fan cooling is required for the solid state electronic switching devices.
1.8 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of this study is to maintain constant voltage and power line conditioning to the equipment load under a wide variety of conditions, even when the utility input voltage, frequency or system load vary widely.
1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
An automatic voltage regulator does the following functions:
- It controls the voltage of the system and has the operation of the machine nearer to the steady state stability.
- It divides the reactive load between the alternators operating in parallel.
- The automatic voltage regulators reduce the over-voltages which occur because of the sudden loss of load on the system.
- It increases the excitation of the system under fault conditions so that the maximum synchronizing power exists at the time of clearance of the fault.
When there is a sudden change in load in the alternator, there should be a change in the excitation system to provide the same voltage under the new load condition. This can be done by the help of the automatic voltage regulator. The automatic voltage regulator equipment operates in the exciter field and changes the exciter output voltage, and the field current. During the violent fluctuation, the ARV does not give a quick response.
1.10 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- Voltage regulator is used to automatically adjust the output voltage of the power supply circuit or power supply equipment
- It can be widely used in places require stable power supply voltage, such as industrial and mining enterprise, oil, railways, construction sites, schools, hospitals, telecommunications, hospitals, research and other department as of computer, precision machine tools, computer tomography(CT),precision instruments, test equipment, elevator lighting, imported equipment and production lines and more.
1.11 DEFINITION TERMS
HV: High Voltage. Any electricity supply in excess of 650volts. Primarily used for the transmission of electricity over long distances.
Kva: Kilo volt amps. A measurement of the electrical ‘pressure’ and ‘quantity’ to a building.
Loads: The equipment that is using the electricity supplied to a building.
Long power cut: Failure of the mains power external to your building, in excess of 30 minutes to 24 hours.
LV: Low Voltage. Electricity supply from 110volts to 650 volts.
Power cut: A failure of the mains electricity by factors outside of your premises.
Prime rating: the rating given to a generator when it is used in lieu of mains power at a varying load. There is normally an overload allowed at this rating of 10% above the prime rating for 1 hour in 12.
Single phase power: The electricity produced from one phase of a three phase winding or from a dedicated singles phase winding.
Standby power: Maximum power a generator will give normally restricted to 1 hour in 12 for standby purposes only.
Winding: The copper wire that produces electricity when it passes through a magnetic field.
Watts: The total energy supplied by a circuit.
Surge: Overvoltage supply of electricity causing damage in sensitive equipment (opposite of Brown out).
Surge Suppression: Electronic equipment designed to restrain surges such as lightning strikes.
AVRs. Automatic voltage regulators. The electronic device which controls the output voltage of an alternator.
Base load rating. The rating given to a generator when it is used for continuous supply of electricity at a given load 24/7.
Black out. A national or wide area power failure, causing major disruption. For example.
Brown out. A drop in the mains voltage (not a total failure) that can cause degradation of lighting and electronic equipment.
1.12 METHODOLOGY
In building this project, to achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Design and calculation for automatic voltage regulator.
- Studying of various component of automatic voltages regulator
- Construct an automatic voltages regulator
1.13 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to an automatic voltage regulator. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective, aim, scope, limitation and problem, definition of terms of an automatic voltage regulator were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of an automatic voltage regulator. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, discussion, recommendation and references.
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