Description
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- PROJECT OULINE
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- FLUID MECHANICS
- HYDROPOWER RESOURCES
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF A HYDROELECTRIC POWER
- HYDROPOWER ENERGY: PAST AND PRESENT
- THE DEPENDENCY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
- TYPES OF HYDROPOWER TURBINE
- REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER THREE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS USED
- BLOCK DIAGRAM
- PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED
- DESIGN CALCULATIONS
- THEORETICAL POWER PRODUCED IN A HYDRO PLANT
- METHODS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Variation of total pressure and velocity
4.2 Effect of change in flow rate at the inlet of impeller
4.3 Effect of change in flow rate at the volute cut water
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Energy is one of the most fundamental elements in the world. Energy is used for operating machine, light homes and cities, power vehicles, trains, hydroplanes, musical equipment, television and other home appliances. Energy is a necessity for human survival in the universe. Nigeria is seriously facing energy demand predicament and the bad-state of power has been the major bane of it’s under development (Dincer, 2010). The demand for electricity is increasing day by day for large population as well as for industries. In view of the crucial energy situation, it is necessary to find alternative sources of generating electric power.
Hydro power plants convert potential energy of water into electricity. It is a clean source of energy .The water after generating electrical power is available for irrigation and other purposes. The first use of moving water to produce electricity was a waterwheel on the Fox River in Wisconsin in 1882. Hydro power continued to play a major role in the expansion of electrical service early in this century around the world. Hydroelectric power plants generate from few kW to thousands of MW. They are classified as micro hydro power plants for the generating capacity less than 100 KW(Dincer, 2010). Hydroelectric power plants are much more reliable and efficient as a renewable and clean source than the fossil fuel power plants. This resulted in upgrading of small to medium sized hydroelectric generating stations wherever there was an adequate supply of moving water and a need for electricity. As electricity demand soared in the middle of this century and the efficiency of coal and oil fueled power plants increased, small hydro plants fell out of favor. Mega projects of hydro power plants were developed. The majority of these power plants involved large dams, which flooded big areas of land to provide water storage and therefore a constant supply of electricity(Dincer, 2010). In recent years, the environmental impacts of such large hydro projects are being identified as a cause for concern. It is becoming increasingly difficult for developers to build new dams because of opposition from environmentalists and people living on the land to be flooded. Therefore the need has arisen to go for the small scale hydro electric power plants in the range of mini and micro hydro power plants (Mirza et al., 2013).
The project will focus on the design and prototyping of a small-scale water turbine system with an integrated water reuse mechanism. The prototype will be tested under varying water conditions to ensure its effectiveness and reliability.
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Electricity generation is one of the most challenging issues of our time most especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This problem is based on the cost of production and the impact it has on the environment. In other to tackle this problem a hydro power electric generation was considered. In hydro power electric generation, It only takes a small amount of flow (as little as few liters per minute) or a drop as low as 1 m to generate electricity with micro hydro. Electricity can be delivered as far as 1 km away to the location where it is being used(Mirza et al., 2013). If planned carefully and well adapted to the environmental conditions, micro hydro power schemes produce a continuous and predictable supply of electrical energy in comparison to other small-scale renewable technologies. The peak energy season is during the winter months when large quantities of electricity are required. MHP is considered to function as a ‘run-of-river’ system, meaning that the water passing through the generator is directed back into the stream with relatively little impact on the surrounding ecology.
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to develop small scale water turbine energy generation for remote villages. The objectives of the study are:
- To design and develop a small-scale water turbine energy generator that can provide reliable and sustainable electricity to [target community/location].
- To create a sustainable and eco-friendly energy solution suitable for various locations with water sources, such as rivers or streams.
- To develop a compact and efficient water turbine system capable of generating electricity from flowing water.
- To implement a water reuse system that will minimize environmental impact and promote sustainability.
- To design, fabricate, and test a small-scale water turbine generator system that generates electricity while ensuring efficient water reuse.
- SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
- This project will serve as a means of addressing the need for sustainable and efficient energy generation in remote areas. By incorporating water reuse, it minimizes environmental impact while maximizing resource utilization.
- The knowledge gained can contribute to advancements in small-scale hydro power technology and promote its wider adoption
- The potential benefits for the target community in terms of access to electricity, economic development, and environmental sustainability.
- The project will also serve as means of advancing the field of small-scale hydro power technology.
- STUDY SCOPE
The scope of this study covers developing a small-scale water turbine generator system with a capacity of up 25volt. It will not include grid integration or large-scale commercialization.The study will also include a comprehensive study of the potential environmental impacts and benefits of the system, this project aims to design, develop, and implement a small-scale water turbine energy generator that not only harnesses the power of flowing water but also incorporates a system for reusing the water.
1.6 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discusses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION &RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this paper presented a methodology that is used to design a mini water turbine for low power applications.
The review of related theories on small-scale water turbine generators demonstrates a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing fluid dynamics, hydropower principles, environmental considerations, and socio-economic factors. The integration of these theories contributes to the development of efficient, environmentally friendly, and socially beneficial small-scale water turbine generator systems. Ongoing research and advancements in these theoretical frameworks are crucial for the continued evolution of sustainable hydropower technologies.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This topic has wide prospects to be deployed in power supply systems. Further research and development are required to strengthen its potential, all of which could not be covered in this project due to time and resource constraints. To the researchers willing to investigate this topic further, off-design characteristics of a small scale water turbine can be analyzed with experimental validation. Furthermore, combinations of various kinds of pumps and turbines can be tested.
