Description
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research work is to carry out fault analysis of 11KV distribution power system. Electric poweris an essential facilitator for sustainable development of the modern nation state. While Nigeria is reported to suffer fromsevere shortages of electric power the condition of some of its newer constitutional units are unknown. In this work, electricpowerinfrastructureandenergyavailabilityisstudiedforAdo-Ekiti,theprincipaleconomicandpoliticalhubofEkitiState.During the study, the condition of all relevant equipment for power distribution at the 11 kV level was assessed. Poweravailabilitywasalsoconsideredbycollectingnecessarydatathathadtodowithenergysupplied,faultsandotheroutages.Itwasdiscoveredthatthedistributionlineswereinaratherpoorstatewithasmanyas25%ofthepolesnotmeetingaconditionof “goodness”, 33% of cross-arms being broken or unsatisfactory, about 10% of the insulators defective and almost 40% ofthe span not complying with standards. Hence this work presents a research on fault analysis of Ado Ekiti distributionpower system.
Keywords:DistributionSystem,Over-current,Feeder,EarthFault,DifferentialFault,RingMain
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRIC POWERDISTRIBUTION
2.2 DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM
2.3 COMPONENTSOFELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM
2.4 DISTRIBUTIONFAULTS
2.5 MOSTLIKELYCAUSESOFFAULTONH.TANDL.TOVERHEADLINES
2.7 TYPES OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
2.8 DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWER FAULTS
2.9 CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FAULTS
2.10 EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL FAULTS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHOD
3.1 THEADO-EKITIDISTRICTOFTHEPHCN
3.2 STUDYPROCESSFORASSESSMENT
3.3 FAILURERATEANALYSIS
3.4 LOADCURVESTUDIES
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS OF THEFEEDERNETWORKINTHEADO DISTRICT
4.1 ESTIMATIONOFLOADCURVESFORTHEADODISTRICT
4.2 ANALYSISANDASSESSMENTOFTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEEPDSIN THEADODISTRICT
4.3 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The predominant factor distinguishing modern man fromhis ancestors is the ability to efficiently manage energy. Inrecent times electric power has become the most ubiquitousform of energy used for production, recreation, control andfor carrying out most activities because of the ease withwhich itcan beproduced,transportedandconvertedtovariousapplications.
Distribution system is the largest portion of the electricalpower system (Goran et al., 2008). It can be defined as the part of a powersystemthatdistributespowertovariouscustomersinready-to-useformattheirplaceofconsumption(Ramesh et al., 2009).Distribution system is the medium through which electricpowerisconveyedinbulkfromthepowerdistributionstationtothevariousendusers(Adejumobi et al., 2012).Itholdsaverysignificant position in the power system since it is the mainpoint of the link between bulk power and consumers (Gupta et al., 2013).
Ado Ekiti is an agrarian town in the southwestern part ofNigeria.Thetownlacksmanyinfrastructureswhichiscommon in most of the developing countries. One of theseinfrastructuresisthepoorstateofelectricpowerdistribution.Electric Power distribution system in Ado Ekiti is somethingofamajorconcern.Therearemoreoutagesthanuninterrupted power supply in most parts of the state all theyear round.
It is a known fact that electricity plays a dominant role inthe socioeconomic development of any community. In viewof the foregoing, this project seeks to identify the problemsmilitatingagainstregular,goodqualityelectricpowersupplyintheAdoBusinessdistrictofEkiti-Statewithaviewto proffering solutions and suggestions where necessary.This is to improve the socioeconomic life of Power HoldingCompanyofNigeria(PHCN)’scustomersinthestate.Giventhisunsatisfactorystateofaffairsandthelackofcomprehensivestudiestoformallyguidethedevelopmentofelectricpowerinthestate,thereisadireneedforanassessmentoftheEkiti-stateelectricpowerdistributionwitha view to quantifying the availability of electric power andexamining some of the physical factors that may contributeto the poor state of electric power infrastructure so thatremedialsuggestionsmaybeprofferedforimprovedsystemperformance.It is in the light ofthis situation that thisresearchhasbeenconceivedsoastoprovideusefulinformationofthepresentconditionfromwhichrationalandwell-thoughtoutimprovementscanbeplannedandimplemented. Having analyzed the performance evaluationofAdoEkitipowersystem,thispaperprovidesalltheexpedient solutions to enhance reliability and availability ofpowersupplyinAdoEkitiPowerDistributionDistrict.
1.2 ResearchProblem
Themainresearchobjectiveaddressedinthisprojectistocarry out an assessment of the electric power distributionsystem in the Ado district of Ekiti-State with a view toidentifying and quantifying important parameters that canprovideconcisedescriptionofthestateofelectricpower.
1.3 Objectives of the Research
Theobjectivesofthisresearchstudyare:
- Tocollaterelevantinformationaboutthephysicalconditions of the electric power distribution system in theAdo district ofEkiti-State.
- Tocreateadatabaseoffaultsexperiencedbetween2001and 2009 on the distribution network in the district and tocarryout ananalysisofthefaults.
- Tostudythequalityofpowerandassessestheperformance of the network between 2009 and 2010 bycalculatingusefulindicesofperformance.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study covers assessing the condition of all relevant equipment for power distribution at the 11 kV level. Poweravailabilitywasalsoconsideredbycollectingnecessarydatathathadtodowithenergysupplied,faultsandotheroutages.
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusions
In the course of this project an engineering assessment ofthe electric power distribution system in the Ado district ofEkiti-State has been carried out. The assessment aimed atinvestigating the physical state of the distribution system,operationalperformanceofthesystemintermsofdetermininghoursofpowersupply,hoursofblack-out,hours of load shedding, hours of fault as well as obtainingprobabilities of consecutive hours of power at any time oftheday.
From the results obtained in chapter four of this thesis, itisseenthatonanannualaveragebasisEkiti-Stateisexperiencing erratic power supply as power may only beavailable in about just a third of ayear. This is evident inthefactthatpowermayonlybeavailableforthreeconsecutive hours for 101 days at 2.00a.m on the Bashirifeeder, the highest value for the four feeders. The low valueis attributable to poor supply from source of power, periodsofloadshedding,periodsoffaultasaresultofthepoorstateofthelinesandotheroutageswhetherplannedorunplanned.
4.2 Recommendations
The following recommendations are hereby advanced soas to improve system performance of power distribution inEkiti-State:
- MoreattentionshouldbepaidtothemaintenanceofthedistributionnetworkbythePowerHoldingCompanyofNigeria(PHCN).
- Government should vote more funds to infrastructuraldevelopment of electric power distribution so that defectivecomponentscanbe replaced assoonaspossible.
- The radial configuration of the distribution networkshouldbereplacedwitharingnetworksothatpowercanbesupplied fromalternativesources.
- The right-of-ways should be adequately maintained inorder to avoid interruptions on the network as a result ofincidences of fallen trees and creepers. This will also makelinetracingmucheasier.
