Prevalence Of Trichomonas Vaginalis Among Women Visited Some Selected Hospital In Mubi

Description

ABSTRACT

This study is on a prevalence study on Trichomoniasis vaginalis, a sexually Transmitted disease among adults female attending health facilities in some selected hospital in Mubi in Adamawa State was conducted between April and August, 2020. A Total of two hundred (200) high vagina swab (HVS) and urine were aseptically collected with a sterile swab stick and clean containers from female respectively. The specimen were examined macroscopically for color and odor of the discharge and urine and microscopically using wet mount preparation for characteristic tumbling motility of Trichomonas vaginalis under X10 and X40 objectives within an hour of collection. The overall prevalence result showed that out of 200 women screened, 81(40.5%) were infected and of these number. Clinic based result revealed that those attending general hospital in Mubi had the highest prevalence of 48 (48.0%) while the least was from private hospitals with prevalence of 8(20.0%).The age range related prevalence revealed that those within 29-39 years had the highest prevalence of 34 (64.15%) while the least was among those within the age range of 61-72 with 5(21.74%). Educational background related prevalence showed that highest infection was recorded among those who had secondary education, 60(42.45%) while the least was recorded among those that had tertiary education. Occupational related prevalence revealed that artesian had the highest infection prevalence of 42(58.33%). The chi square analysis showed that infection did not differ significantly among the age groups (p<0.05) while the mean P^H level of the vagina differ significantly among the groups, (p<0.05) with age range of 29-39 having highest p^H level of 6.7. Consequently, Trichomoniasis is more prevalent among the sexually active population than the less sexually active ones hence regular and early diagnosis should be advocated to avoid obvious adverse effects to the infected individuals, their sex partners and the unborn babies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• METHODOLOGY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF TRICHOMONIASIS VAGINALIS
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
• CAUSES OF TRICHOMONIASIS
• TRICHOMONIASIS SYMPTOMS
• TRICHOMONIASIS DIAGNOSIS
• TRICHOMONIASIS TREATMENT
• TRICHOMONIASIS COMPLICATIONS
• TRICHOMONIASIS PREVENTION
• MORPHOLOGY

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• STUDY AREA
• ETHICAL CLEARANCE
• STUDY POPULATION
• SAMPLE COLLECTION
• SPECIMEN ANALYSIS
• IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORGANISM

CHAPTER FOUR

• RESULT
• DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                      INTRODUCTION

1.1                                                 BACKGOUND OF STUDY

According to Dune RL (2003), trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by parasitic protozoa called Trichomonas vaginalis [Dune RL, 2003]. It is one of the most common curable STDs that infect the urogenital tract of sexually active women and men causing significant vaginal and cervical ulceration [Krieger JN, 2010].

This infection ranks third after bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis among the diseases that commonly cause vaginal symptom, [Schwebke JR, 2014]. Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative organism is highly specific for the genitourinary tract and has been isolated from virtually all genitourinary structures including uterus. An estimated 2.5 to 3 million Americans contract this infection annually, about 25% of Nigerian students and up to 20% of pregnant women test positive while about one billion people suffer Trichmoniasis worldwide [Schwebke JR, 2014].

Infection is generally acquired through sexual contact and occasionally through nonsexual contact by getting in contact with formites or surfaces that are contaminated by an infected individual’s fluid [Nester EW, 2010]. Consequently, women especially those with multiple sex partners easily contact this infection through sexual contact with infected men or through vulva to vulva contact while men usually contact the same infection only through sexual contact with infected women. According to Swygard [2014] over 180 million women may be infected worldwide, showing a prevalence estimate which varies between population studied and ranges from 5 to 74% in women and 5 to 29% in men. In men prevalence is less well described, the reason being that men often times show less prevalence because many are asymptomatic and do not easily seek evaluation until their partner is confirmed .However, whenever symptoms occur they usually include, irritation inside the penis, mild discharge and slight burning sensation after urination or ejaculation. Women present symptoms which usually appear within 5-28 days of exposure to infection ranging from greenish- yellow frothy vaginal discharge, painful urination, vaginal itching and discomfort during intercourse in about 50% of cases to pruritus or dysuria and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) [Nester EW, 2010]. Genital inflammation caused by Trichomoniasis might also increase a woman’s risk of acquiring HIV infection if she is exposed to HIV and this may increase the chances of transmitting the infection to sex partner. Most women diagnosed of Trichomoniasis infection are usually asymptomatic and usually avoid diagnosis. This observation is supported by a case in Zimbabwe were 75% of women denied symptoms on direct questioning but 16% of them tested positive after screening [Patel V, 2015]. Misrepresentation of this Trichomonas infection often times seem confusing as was exemplified in a study where 74% of two hundred Nigerian women with discharge were infected with Trichomonas while in another study none of 149 Nigerian women with discharge were positive of the infection [Swygard H, 2014].

According to Patel, et al. [2015] Trichomoniasis often times are asymptomatic in both men and women to the ratio of 50-70% which constitutes major source of transmissions of the infection. Asymptomatic nature of most infections in females adversely affects pregnancies resulting in premature birth delivery coupled with low birth weight infants that usually develop congenital health problems later in life. Trichomoniasis in children raises the question of sexual abuse and the possible exposure to other sexually transmitted diseases. However newborn infants can contact Trichomoniasis congenitally at birth [Mayta H, 2012].

Trichomoniasis diagnosis is commonly and mostly conducted through the examination of vaginal discharge in women and urethra fluid in men. Evaluation of P^H with p^H paper usually helps for the rapid differentiation of T vaginalis from yeast in women. The work of Gary [2015] has it that p^H level of the vagina which is normally 4.5 is not altered during yeast infestation but may rise up to 6 and above with Trichomoniasis. This simply means that Trichomonas infection increases the P^H of the vagina.

Treatment of T vaginalis infection is effected with a single oral dose of 2 g of metronidazole/tinidazole .However re-infection often occur and about 1 in 5 people treated get re-infected within three months of treatment. To this effect, it is advisable to treat all sex partners at the same time and to avoid sex until every symptom disappear [Anorlu RI, 2011].

The main aim of this study is to carry out a research on the prevalence among female adults in the study area.

1.2                                   PROBLEM STATEMENT

Trichomoniasis vaginalis has been known as sexually Transmitted disease among adults female. Trichomoniasis vaginalis infections  have been recognized  as a  problem  affecting  the  quality  of health care and  a principal  source of adverse  healthcare  outcomes.  Within the realm of patient safety, these infections have serious impact such as increased hospital stay days, increased costs of healthcare, economic hardship to patients and their families and infertility, are among the many negative outcomes. The absence of baseline data in many parts of the state especially in the study area and the asymptomatic nature of the infection necessitated the investigation of the prevalence among adults in the study area.

1.3                                      AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 

To find out the prevalence of Trichomoniasis vaginalis infection among women visited in some selected hospital which include general and private hospital in Mubi, Adamawa state in Nigeria. The objectives of the study are:

1. To find out the magnitude of the trichomoniasis vaginalis among women in that area.
2. To determine the transmission mode of trichomoniasis vaginalis in female.

• To determine the age and sex prevalence.

1. To determine the test and cure for trichomoniasis vaginalis

1.4                             SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This work exposes us the knowledge of trichomoniasis vaginalis as the leading infection among women.  This study is useful in increasing awareness about the importance of prevention.  This study threw light on how trichomoniasis vaginalis can be prevented.

1.5                                    RESEARCH QUESTION

At the end of this study the answer to the following questions shall be known:

1. Where is trichomoniasis most prevalent?
2. Is trichomoniasis more common in females?

• Can trichomoniasis be passed from female to female?

1. What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in females?
2. What will happen if trichomoniasis is left untreated?
3. Can trichomoniasis go away on its own in females

• Can you get trichomoniasis without being sexually active?

1.6                                         SCOPE OF STUDY

The study is focused on investigating the prevalence of trichomoniasis vaginalis among some women in both government owned hospitals and private hospitals in Mubi in Adamawa state. It will also look at the level of knowledge of trichomoniasis vaginalis among women in that area.

1.7                                                  LIMITATION OF STUDY

As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-

1. Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
2. Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

• Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

1.8                                             RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.9                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS

Trichomonas vaginalis: is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries.

Prevalence: measures how much of a disease or condition there is in a population at a particular point in time.

1.10                                     PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.