Phytochemical, Gas-Chromatography/Mass-Spectrometry (Gc-Ms) And Antimicrobial Analysis Of The Seed Of Moringa Oleifera

Description

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present study was to characterize the Moringa oleifera plant cultivated in Nigeria for the presence of biologically active phyto-chemicals using methanolic extracts of the plant (seeds). This study was determined by using three different methods: phytochemical, Gas Chromatography –Mass spectrometry and antimicrobial method.

In Gas Chromatography –Mass spectrometry method, methanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera were screened for the presence of steroids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinoin and cardiac glycosides by standard qualitative test procedures. Whilst in antimicrobial method, Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA), media was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Sterile Mueller Hinton agar plates were inoculated with the test culture by surface spreading using sterile wire loops and each bacterium evenly spread on the entire surface of the plate to obtain uniformity of the inoculum. Concentrations of 30, 60, 90 and 120mg/ml prepared from the dry leaves powder were used for antibacterial analysis using agar well incorporation methods. Plates of Mueller hinton agar were prepared and allowed to solidify on Petri dishes. Each plate was then seeded with a test bacterium. Four holes were made in each of the plate with a sterile 2.0 mm diameter cork borers. Each of the four holes was filled with a given concentration of the extract mixed with plane sterile agar. The plates were then incubated at 37°c for 24 hours. The diameters of zones of inhibition were measured using a meter rule and the mean value for each organism was recorded.

The Results of the work reveals the presence of different compounds (about 100 compound) in the Moringa plant  extract among them n-hexadecanoic acid, 13-octadecenoic acid, oleric acid, docostanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, ethyl iso-allocholate, heptacostane, stigmasterol, β-sposterol, vitamin E, ethl iso-allocholate compounds . GC-MS was done using the database of National Institute of standard and Technology (NIST). In microbial analysis the aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant seed show an inhibitory effect on the growth of the tested bacteria. For aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts, the inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. In addition, both ethanol and methanol extract showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) inhibitory effect at higher concentration of 120mg/ml.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF MORINGA OLEIFERA
• NUTRITIONAL POTENTIAL OF MORINGA SEEDS
• BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED
• FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS
• COMPREHENSIVE FOOD SCIENCETREATMENTS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED
• BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
• UTILIZATION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED FLOUR AND OIL IN FOOD SYSTEM

CHAPTER THREE

• MATERIALS AND METHOD

CHAPTER FOUR

• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                            INTRODUCTION

1.1                                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) , commonly known as drumstick or horseradish, It is a small, fast, growing, evergreen, or deciduous tree that usually grows up to 10 or 12 m in height , native to the Sub-Himalaya tracts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Central America, Afghanistan, and Africa (Fahey JW 2005 & Anwar et al 2007).

The Moringa plant has been consumed by humans throughout the century in diverse culinary ways [Iqbal S, 2006]. Almost all parts of the plant are used culturally for its nutritional value, medicinal properties and for taste and flavor as a vegetable and seed. The leaves of M. oleifera can be eaten fresh, cooked, or stored as a dried powder for many months without any major loss of its nutritional value [Fahey JW, 2005]. Studies have indicated that M. oleifera leaves are a good source of nutrition and exhibit anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-convulsant activities [Dan Malam HU, 2001]. The antimicrobial properties of plants have been investigated by a number of workers worldwide and many of them have been used as therapeutic alternatives [Adriana B, 2007]. Plants have many secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, etc. In the present study attention has been focused on anti-bacterial activity of M. oleifera on S. aureus; P. aeruginosa and E.coli, with the broader objective of providing cheap and safe remedy for human health problems.

Moringa, which is rich in vegetable oil and high in nutritional values, is used in Asia as a vegetable and medicinal plant. This is attributed to the presence of proteins, vitamins, and various phenolic compounds in the oil.( Anwar et al 2007) . Nevertheless, all parts of the Moringa tree are edible and have been consumed for many years by humans. The diverse range of medicinal uses for Moringa oleifera, include its use as an antioxidant(Verma AR. et al 2009), anti-carcinogenic (Bharali R et al 2003), anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diuretic (Cáceres A et al 1992), antiulcer, antibacterial, antifungal (Caceres A et al 1991) and its antinociceptive (Sulaiman MR et al 2008 ) properties, as well as its wound healing ability has been demonstrated (Rathi BS et al 2006). Additionally, the root bark has been used as an analgesic, alexeteric, anthelmintic, and treatment for heart complaints, as well as for eye diseases, inflammation and dyspepsia (Nadkarni KM 1976 & Chopra R et al 1982). Phytochemical screening is of paramount importance in identifying new source of therapeutically and industrially valuable compound having medicinal significance, to make the best and judicious use of available natural wealth. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to determine the possible phytochemical components from a new cultivated plant in Iraq (figure 1,2) by GC-MS analysis.  In recent years, interest for the characterization of organic compounds from plants has been developed. Therefore, an attempt was made to screen and isolate the bioactive compounds, evaluate the bioactive potential and characterize them by GC-MS analysis.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

Clinical drug are said to be traceable to the major cause of some chronic disease in most cases when it is wrongly taken and it is also costly. Because of these problems there is an urgent need to substantiate scientifically the roles of contemporary and native medicinal practices. This exercise will open up a new class of drugs which could be cheap, easily affordable, and with less or no side effects. Moringa oleifera or drumstick is known to a wonder herbal plant and most of its parts are used to cure various ailments. The present study deals with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of M. oleifera seeds and to understand the molecules present and microorganism therein.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to perform phytochemical,  the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and antimicrobial analysis of seed of M. oleifera.

1.4                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study have exposed used us to different medicinal values of moringa seed which is said to be used to cure as many as 300 diseases. Ethnobotanically, its roots, bark, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds are used for various diseases. There are a number of scientific reports on its medicinal values such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antistress, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, to mention a few among its multiple roles. It has also exposed us on how to analyse microorganism from it.

1.5                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study analyses the phytochemical, gas-chromatograph- mass spectrometry and antimicrobial of  the seed of moringa oleifera. Moringa oleifera is a plant which is claimed to have medicinal values to cure as many as 300 diseases. Ethnobotanically, its roots, bark, leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds are used for various diseases according to Anwar F, [2007].  There are a number of scientific reports on its medicinal values such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antistress, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory, to mention a few among its multiple roles [Gopalakrishnan L, 2016].

1.6                                                         PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.