Description
ABSTRACT
The steam boiler is to control specification problem, to illustrate how the evolving algebra approach to the specification and the verification of complex system can be exploited for a reliable and well documented development of executable but formally inspectable and systematically modifiable code. A hierarch of stepwise defined abstract machine model in developed, the ground version of which can be checked for whether it faithfully reflects the informally given problem. The sequence of machine model the yield various abstract views of the system, making the various design decisions transparent, and leads to CH programs. The Abstract machine are evolving algebras and thereby have a rigorous semantically foundation allowing us to formalize and prove, under precisely stated assumption, some typical sample properties of the system. This provides insight into the structure of the system which supports easily maintenance extensions and modifications of both the abstract specification and the implementation.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table Content vi
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction 1
1.1 Background of steam boiler 4
1.2 Aim 5
1.3 Objective of the study 6
1.4 Scope of the Study 7
1.5 Justification of the study 7
1.6 Statement of the study 10
CHAPTER REVIEW
2.0 Literature Review 12
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method 15
3.1 Description of the fuel used 17
3.2 Procedure of the steam boiler machine 18
3.3 Parts of the machine 20
3.4 Strength of the material used 21
3.5 Maintenance of steam boiler 22
3.6 Mechanical properties of steam boiler 22
3.7 Uses of steam boiler 24
3.8 Function of steam boiler 25
3.9 Merits and demerits of steam boiler 26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Experimental Analysis 28
4.1 Result 29
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion 30
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Recommendation 33
6.1 Reference 36
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A steam boiler is an enclosed vessel in which water is heated and circular, either as hot water steam, to produce a source to either heat or power. A central heating plant may have one or more boiler that use gas oil, or coal as fuel. The steam generated is used to heat building, provide hot water, and provide steam for cleaning, sterilizing, cooking and laundering operation. Small package boiler also provides steam and hot water for small building.
A careful study of his course can help you acquire useful knowledge of steam generation, types of boilers pertinent to boiler operations, various fitting commonly found on boilers, and so on. The primary objective of this chapter is to lay the foundation for you to develop skill in the operation, maintenance, and repair of boilers.
The boiler system is made up of:
- Feed water system
- Steam system
- Fuel system
Are feed water system provide water to the boiler and regulates it automatically to meet the steam demand. The water supplied to boiler that is converted to steam is called feed water the success of feed water are
- Condensates or condensed steam returned from the process
- Make up water which is the raw water which must come from outside.
Steam boilers have several strength that have made them a common feature of building. They have a long life, can achieve efficiency up to 95% or greater. Provide and effective method of heating a building and in the case of steam system required little or no pumping energy. However fuel costs can be considerable, regular maintenance is required and if maintenance is delay repair can be costly guidance for the construction, operation and maintenance of boilers is provided primary by the ASME <American society of mechanical engineers> which produce the following resources. Rule for construction of heating boiler and pressure vessel cods section IV-2007 Recommended rules for the car and operation of heating boilers, Boiler and pressure vessel code, section VII-2007. Boilers are often one of the largest energy users in a building. For every year a boiler system goes unattended boiler costs can increase approximately 10% boiler operation and maintenance is therefore a good place to start when looking for ways to reduce energy use and save money. Barry Allen (2008).
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STEAM BOILER
This paper investigates the options for green house gas emission reduction from the installation of new and retrofit high efficiency boilers, The types of boiler addressed are industrial boilers, and residential boilers, each of these boiler types have unique technological boilers, each of these boiler types have unique technological characteristics and regulatory requirement that need to be addressed to determine if an appropriate performance standard can be developed. Some boiler types have additional issue associated with leakage –primary biomas boilers, but are widely distributed in the general population and GHG emission reduction ownership “ right” are an issue that must also be considered. This paper explores this issue and makes recommendations on if and how to proceed with GHG offset methodologies. Kara Technology Manual (2004).
1.2 Aim
– Review the detrimental effects of the urban heat island phenomenon, particularly as a causative factor in promoting exceedance of air quality ozone standards, and identify mitigation alternative that may reduce the effects of the urban heat island.
– Illustrate the difference in temperature between the urbanized center of the surrounding areas in order to identify the health island in the area region
– Evaluate of the relationship between temperature and ozone
– Develop a method to analyses the urban fabric of the area from aerial photographs, thus allowing the determination of the proportion of vegetative, roofed and paved surface as a function of land use.
– Evaluates of the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies as applied to the area, with special on vegetation and paying material.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF A STEAM BOILER
- To examine the design of boiler and connected steam pipeline manufacture in other countries
- To examine the design of boiler and to approve the pressure parts modification proposal, in order to improve the efficiency and steam generating capacity of boiler
- To approve the design, drawing of small industries boiler and to inspect them during manufacturing
- To inspect the boiler pressure parts subject for repair and replacement during manufacturing
- To verify and approve the design and flexibility analysis of high pressure steam line piping
- To conduct periodical testing of welding electrodes.
- To conduct welders examination for initial and requalification
- To conduct examination in order to issue certification of competency as a first class boiler attendants.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The methodology for the implementing measures of energy using product been define by the commission established in 2004/05 in a well define (MEEUP). Within this methodology a common frame work to gather information as a basic for the evaluation of product is set, this frame work enable an evaluation the performance of product covering the relevant the performance of product covering the relevant criteria of eligibility for implementing measure under the directive with the extension of the scope of the ecodesign directive on energy related product the methodology to energy related product {MEERP}.it now covers also the specific aspects of energy consumption but influence the energy consumption of other product (e.g. windows heating controls). Arora. N. Kumar (1997)
1.5 JUSLIFITICATION OF THE STUDY
During the process of dyeing and drying in textile industry, steam plays an significant role the industrial boilers is used combined with rising finishing scenter dyeing machine, drying room and mixing mill. The temperature range is 602 1800 c justification of stand by steam boiler is available for textile industry which achieves high working temperature {3300c} under low working pressure (<10 bar). Except hot oil boiler, oil gas fired steam boiler and biomass water tube steam boiler is also suitable for textile factories. BhattachryaEtal (2009)
1.6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The purpose of this project is to identify the effect that surface modification have on the urban heat island phenomenanon and related ozone problem in the metropolitan area of Ilorin.
– The basic hypothesis sis that urban, summertime temperature can be significantly lower by increasing the vegetative landscape cover enhancing the solar reflectivity of paved and roofed surface within an urban area.
– It is proposed that in addition to a decrease in temperature the modification of an urban to include more vegetative cover and lighter, lower albede surface will also reduce energy consumption, Ozone exceedance, and detrimental environmental and human health effects associated with high levels of ozone
The analysis is divided into three main parts.
– The first section of this report introduces the causes of ground level ozone and it effects in urban areas. It explains both the chemistry and transport associated with ozone exceedance.
– Second the section is a compilation of the most viable mitigation strategies of urban heat island: the effect, implementation strategies and specific strength and weaknesses associated with each approach are described, including a comparison of asphalt and concrete pavements system using a life cycle analysis approach
– The final section provides a case study of the Chicago area, This study entailed and examination of the land use development of an urban fabric analysis in which total vegetative, pave, and roofed surface are investigated and quantified, and discussion on the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies in the workshop area, in general the associated findings of my research are located within this final section. Robert Mucci (2005).
1.7 REVIEW OF THE STUDY
– Avadhesh etal (2008) explain in detail about performance modeling and behaviour analysis of coal handling system of a thermal power plant.
This paper describes the behaviuor analysis of coal handling system of a thermal power plant. The detailed study was done various handling system, on the basic of various factor analysis of coal handling system was done; the performance modeling is explained in details
- Virgilo 1.0 super (1994) describe in details about aerial cable way as transport mode in with special reference to mineracaomarrovella are evolution of public transit mode has been a remarkable one, fueled by the need of different transit modes to handle different demand level, urban environment pattern and natural constraint and barriers. The transport of heavy materials in Brazil is discussed here in detail with the situation of aerial cableway transport.
- Araora n Kummar (1997) written a paper about availability analysis of steam and power generating system in thermal power plant in this paper the analysis of availability of steam & power generation system in thermal power plant is done. Various one studied and o basic of the data and information comparison is made for analysis of the availability of steam & power generation system in thermal power plant.
- Chris Thomas (2002) the information in this id given about “maintaining a business centre approach” this paper concentrate on how to resolve key success factors of maintain manager the signifance difference in maintenance effectiveness and individual output between various content & individual content is explained.
Yojishleora, etal. (2009) written a paper about stimulation model for stochastic analysis and performance evolution of steam generator system of thermal power plant presented and international journal by engineering science & technology (IJEST). This paper present this stochastic analysis and performance evaluation of turbo generator system of a thermal plant by making the use of performance evaluation using probabiustic approach and repair rate of maximum availability of each system is analysised and then condition base maintenance decision and decide.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
To carry out the dynamic analysis of steam boiler, a software program capable of generating different properties of the steam in supercritical /ultra supercritical audience ultra superficial ranges, such a enthalpy, entropy e.t.c at a given input parameter <temperature & pressure > has been such crossfuly developed by the present investigation.
The supercritical power cycles can generate more then subcritical power cycle at outset, the performance or SSRC is evaluated in team of it energy efficiency the turbine inlet temperature, turbine inlet pressure reheat pressure. Ratio condenser pressure, boiler flue gas inlet temperature are found to be the they parameter, which effect the performance of supercritical /ultra supercritical ultra supercritical cycle without reheat, with single reheat with double reheat, and steam boiler showed the economically Viable measure for improvement and some of then were executed while the rest under consider or being process by me, state electricity as well through in-city. From the operation, maintenance, research, results, and analysis of the function and operation of steam boiler, conclusion can be made thus:
- The set objectives were met in the aspect of working on steam boiler without engaging in any accident throughout the operation by following the guidelines of maintenance of steam boiler. Hazard was eliminated from the equipment itself and from the operator.
- The objectives were met without having overheating of the system by checking of leakage from the water tank to connecting and also avoiding solid particles in the water used in boiler.
- From observation, it can be concluded the steam boiler is a dangerous system due to its boiler, and explosion of the boiler and lead to death of the operator.
Carrying out the study of steam boiler as a project as given the privilege and opportunity to understand the importance operations, and maintenance of steam boiler.
Boilers have several strength that have made them have common features of buildings. They have a long life, can achieve efficient up to 95% or greater, and 41 provide an effective method of heating a building and in case of steam systems requires little or no pumping energy. However fuel cost can be considerable, regular maintenance is required, and of maintenance is delayed, repair can be costly.
Guidance for the construction, operation and maintenance of boilers is provided primarily by the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), which produce the best resources.
– Rules for construction of heating boilers
– Recommended rules for care and operation of heating boiler
Conclusively, coal as been the most widely used fuel in power plant. Coal fired power plants boiler uses different kinds of machinery that converts heat energy produced from combustion into mechanical energy.
5.2 Recommendations
As a result of difference innovation in the world in the of technology, improvement is being done on the past and the present work a technology discover new ways of improving what has been done, project can still be improve on by the on coming student
There are ways of study steam boiler, those report cannot be completed without recommendation for improvement,the machines used for the project should be made available in abundance and be in good working condition
All students should participate in construction of project because it improves their practical knowledge
Finally polytechnic should encourage student to embark on a meaningful project that can be useful to the polytechnic and the country as a whole, and most of the steam boiler improvement need unit shutdown for rahabitation or retrofit works therefore, practical were taken up among all the recommendation by the steam considering necessary lead time to execution, evaluation inside workshop.
The student’s project leading to the award of National Diploma and Higher National Diploma has been introduced so as to be able to show the extent of student’s knowledge, especially the technological students who interpret their theoretical knowledge into practice by testing, designing, and constructing variety of structural elements, to perform their functions appropriately. 42
We would have to utmost make recommendations to make the project programmers more effective.
- The Polytechnics/University should help student how to operate boilers effectively not only for the purpose to excel in the project but also to work in plant in their carrier if they eventually find themselves there.
- The school authority should create a committee whereby they are meant to be a watch day in the workshop; to act as maintenance officers so as to prevent unwanted accident in the workshop.
- The institution should create a forum where by award will be given to student that comes out with a very good grade in the studying of boiler has a project work. This will instigate the students to show and devote much time in the studying of steam boilers.
- Students should be given project outing to source specific plant for some given period of time, and which won’t affect their other programs. So as to achieve more knowledge, and get acquainted to the way things are actually done in industrial plant.
- First aid treatment should be placed in the workshop for quick attention to accident and most be placed where everyone in the workshop could easily see it. 43
- Government should create agencies whose purpose are to go around different institution to inspect the operation, maintenance, case study of steam boilers, and to help in the replacement of boilers to modern ones of required.
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