Description
ABSTRACT
This work was carried out to determine the thermal conductivity of brass. Determination of thermal conductivity of metallic materials is very useful in many engineering applications including electronics, automobiles and civil engineering purposes. The apparatus used in this work include retort stand, brass metal rod of different materials, burner and thermometers. This was done by calculating the heat supplied to brass. By increasing the temperature at various heat supply (2.5 W, 4.0 W, 6.0 W and 8.0 W), corresponding thermal conductivity were calculated for each metal and the local material. The results showed that with the small range of quantity of heat used in this work (2.5 – 8.0 W), Brass showed a linear increase in thermal conductivity as the quantity of heat increases, while Aluminum and Steel showed a linear decrease in value of thermal conductivity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 AIM / OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
2.2 DIFFERENT RESISTANCE HAVING IMPACT ON THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
2.4 REVIEW OF HEAT TRANSFER
2.5 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY AREA
3.2 MATERIALS USED
3.3 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Energy studies require the knowledge of the value of many thermophysical properties. Values of these properties for a variety of substances and materials are available [Eckert et al, 2019]. However, for new materials which appear regularly, it is important to be familiar with some basic methods of measuring these properties.
Thermal conductivity is a physical property of materials which is of great importance in physics and engineering. Unlike some physical properties, however, thermal conductivity cannot be directly measured. To determine a material thermal conductivity, intermediate quantities must be determined from which the conductivity may be ultimately calculated [Vasudeva, 2011].
The thermal conductivity is not always constant, and the main factors affecting thermal conductivity are the density of material, moisture of material and ambient temperature. However, increasing density, moisture and temperature the thermal conductivity increases too.
Determination of thermal conductivity is very essential, and various methods have been developed in the recent past for measuring it. The rational design of equipment such as shaft coolers, heaters, and rotary kilns for the heating and cooling of solids requires that the thermal properties of the solids be known. Thermal conductivity (denoted as 𝑘, ℎ or 𝜆) and interfacial thermal conductance play crucial roles in the design of engineering systems where temperature and thermal stress are of concern. To date, a variety of measurement techniques are available for both bulk and thin film solid- state materials with a broad temperature range [Savija et al, 2003]. Knowledge of thermal conductivity, interfacial thermal conductance and their variation with temperature are critical for the design of thermal systems [Dongliang et al, 2018].
In the window building industry “thermal conductivity” is expressed as the U-Factor, which measures the rate of heat transfer and inform one how well the window insulates. U- factor values are generally recorded in IP units (Btu/(hr·ft⋅F)) and usually range from 0.15 to 1.25. The lower the U-factor, the better the window insulates.
The concept of thermal conductivity of solids is not a well understood phenomenon. Transport of heat in solids is governed by the same type of differential equation [Köbler et al, 2017]. Conduction is the most significant means of heat transfer in solids [6]. However, the conduction ability varies from one metal to another [Ferrari, 2017].
High strength and heat conductivity of metals make them adaptable for different purposes. Determination of thermal conductivity of metallic materials is very useful in many applications from electronics, automobiles and civil engineering purposes [Köbler et al, 2017]. The thermal conductivity of metals must be taken into consideration when determining the area(s) of application.
This work analyzed an experiment used to determine the thermal conductivity of metals. This study aimed at determining the thermal conductivity of metal (brass).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The constant want for increasing heat transfer for a range of applications is one of the most complicated challenges faced by thermal engineers. With the innovation of technologies, heat transfer at higher rates and efficiency from small cross section areas or over low temperature difference are causing a rise in demands. As a consequence of the wide range of thermal properties there is no single measure method which can be used for all thermal Conductivity measurements. Consequently, over the past decades a wide variety of techniques for the enhancement of heat transfer has been suggested, where the most well-known and promising methods are briefly described in this paper. The study describes the methods for measuring thermal conductivity for metal (brass)
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this study is to the thermal conductivity for metal (brass). The objectives are:
- To carry out an experiment on thermal conductivity
- To understand the importance of knowing the thermal conductivity of some metals and the areas of application.
- To provide a general knowledge of thermal conductivity of
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Engineering education would be purposeful if only engineering and basic sciences can be applied to practical situations without the drudgery of memorizing the formula or imagining what a particular scientific equipment looks like. This study will be of great benefit to technical institutions, schools, universities and the student involved in learning how to apply theory in practice. It will also provide a basic conceptual ideology on how the equipment is designed.
This study will also bridge the knowledge gap experienced by some students who have little chance of exploring demonstration or experimentation on the determination of thermal conductivity of materials (Ferrari et al, 2012). This work presents a simple experiment and procedure of analysis in a straightforward manner which students can replicate for other materials. It also provides a general knowledge of thermal conductivity of materials.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work focuses on determining the thermal conductivity of metal (brass) by varying the amount of heat supply and compares it with their standard (Experimental) value. To do so, it is necessary to examine the flow of heat through metal samples. This is done by determining the rate of heat flow through a material and this was used to calculate the quantity of heat per time flowing through Silver metal rod to calculate the thermal conductivity of other four metals.
1.6 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
From this work, the thermal conductivity of brass was determined which was confirmed by calculating the thermal conductivity of some selected metals (Brass).The values of thermal conductivity of metals determined in this work ranged from 106.10 – 109.80 W/mK for brass
In this study, thermal conductivity has been determined for some metals. Results showed that with the small range of quantity of heat used in this work (2.5 – 8.0 W), Brass showed linear increase in thermal conductivity as the quantity of heat increases.
