Description
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my — for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor — for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my — and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor Mr. — for his kindness in supervising this project. My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. —, and Dr. —. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of — among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. — and the —. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister —, my lovely friends mercy —, —, — and many others who were quite helpful
ABSTRACT
Fifty (50) brands of sachet water produced from bore hole and tap water in five (5) local government areas of Kano metropolis were analysed for physicochemical quality. Ten (10) brands of sachet water were sampled from each of the five (5) local government areas of; Nasarawa, Tarauni, Gwale, Kumbotso and Ungogo. Physical parameters tested such as; colour, taste, odour and pH in all (100%) the sachet water samples conformed to the recommended limits. Chemical analysis carried out such as; conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride content, fluoride content, nitrate and nitrite content, total hardness and free chlorine all conformed to the requirements of the WHO and NIS standards. Heavy metals tested (using AAS) include; Manganese (Mn), Arsenic (As), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) also conformed to the requirements of the standards. However, Iron (Fe) content in all the sachet water produced from bore hole (twenty three brands (23)(46%)) were observed to be above the recommended NIS limit of 0.3mg/l. It can be concluded from the results of this study that the physicochemical parameters tested in the sachet water samples were within the permissible limits stipulated by the drinking water standards, hence on this basis the water is considered fit for consumption.
Key words; Kano metropolis, Physicochemical quality, Sachet water
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- JUSTIFICATION
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
- CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
- REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY
- REVIEW OF GLOBAL ACCESS TO CONSTANT CLEAN WATER
- WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
- STUDY AREA
- SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLE COLLECTION
- PHYSICAL ANALYSIS TEST FOR COLOUR
- DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURE
- DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY
- DETERMINATION OF PH
- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS DETERMINATION OF CONDUCTIVITY
- TEST FOR TOTAL HARDNESS
- TEST FOR NITRATE AND NITRITE
- DETERMINATION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
- TEST FOR FLUORIDE
- DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS
- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULT
4.2 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Water is one of the most important natural resources known on earth (Ojo et al., 2005). Water of good quality is important to human physiology and man’s continued existence depends very much on its availability (Lamikanra, 1999). Before water can be described as potable, it has to comply with certain physical, chemical and microbiological standards, which are designed to ensure that the water is potable and safe for drinking. Potable water is defined as water that is free from contaminants, such as disease causing microorganisms and harmful chemical substances (Ihekoronye and Ngoddy, 1985). The importance of potable water supply in the socio- economic life of the public cannot be over emphasized. Often, source and portability of water supply reflects on the health conditions of communities. Water meant for consumption should be free from pollution, acceptable and safe. Indeed the quality of the water sources should not exceed the maximum limits specified in the water quality guidelines (Obi et al; 2004). Sachet drinking water was introduced into the Nigerian markets as a less expensive means of accessing drinking water than bottled water (Ogundipe, 2008). There has been countless number of diseases outbreak and poisoning around the world resulting from the consumption of untreated or poorly treated drinking water (Fong et al., 2007). Several studies on the quality of sachet water have reported violation of international quality standards. According to the Insitute of Public Analysts of Nigeria (IPAN) 50% of the sachet water sold in the streets of Lagos may not be fit for consumption (Oshibanjo et al; 2000). The possibility that the same situation may be applicable to other cities in the country such as Kano metropolis prompted this study.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Drinking water quality has always been a major issue in many countries, especially in developing countries (Assembly of Life Sciences, 2017). The World Health Organization in its “Guidelines for drinking water quality” publication highlighted at least seventeen different and major genus of bacteria that may be found in tap water which are capable of seriously affecting human health (WHO, 2016). The proportion of waterborne disease outbreaks associated with sachet water has been increasing over the years (Moe & Rheingans, 2006). To solve this problem, the qualities of sachet water samples need to analysed. This study determines physio-chemical analysis of sachet water samples taken from Kano metropolis. Physio- chemical analysis includes analysis of pH, total chlorine, and turbidity and total Iron.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM
The main aim of this study is to investigate the Physico-Chemical Properties of Sachet Water sold in Kano metropolis, and this is achieved through the following objectives.
OBJECTIVES
- To determine the concentration of heavy metals, chloride, chromium, pH, total suspended solid, alkalinity conductivity etc. in sachet water
- To analyze the physio-chemical status of sachet water.
- To ensure that pure water consumed by the residence of the community is safe.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The present study has revealed that some of physico-chemical parameters of the sachet had values beyond the maximum tolerable limits recommended by WHO. Thus, it calls for appropriate intervention, including awareness development work and improving the existing infrastructure in order to minimize the potential health problems of those communities currently realizing of the available water sources.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is useful in increasing awareness about the importance of maintaining clean sachet water by using easy and effective methods which will reduce the chance of pathogenic microorganism survival and disease transmission for the consumers residing in such environment. This study helps to ensure that the sachet water that reaches residence is safe.
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the present study was to ensure quality of sachet water consumed by the residence of Kano metropolis is safe and free of microorganism and concentration of heavy metals, chloride, chromium, pH, total suspended solid, alkalinity conductivity etc.
1.7 JUSTIFICATION
Water contamination has been the major problem in both urban and mostly rural area of Nigeria. All water contains natural contaminants, particularly inorganic contaminants that arise from the geological strata through which water flows and to a varying extent, anthropogenic pollution by chemicals.
Kano metropolis is a commercial area, and are such faced with a lots of pollution from both commercial and house hold activities. These pollutants contaminate the water found in this area. This is because, this pollutants are not properly managed and hence, could contaminate water source by underground movement of water. The intake of this contaminated water could lead to diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid, cholera etc. The above diseases have been the major problem associated with the people of Kano metropolis. This work aims at assessing the quality of sachet water.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
There are many or different water sources where microorganism can be identified, but in this study the analysis is only carried out in sachet water.
1.9 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
At the end of this work, student involved shall be able to give answers to the following questions:
- What are the types of heavy metals identified in sachet water?
- What is water contamination?
- What type of bacteria is commonly found in sachet water?
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Format = Microsoft word
Chapters = 1-5 chapters
Price: N3,000.
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No: +2348146561114 or +2347015391124
Email address: engr4project@gmail.com
Whatsapp No: +2348146561114
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