ETHNORELIGIOUS CRISIS IN PLATEAU STATE CASE OF STUDY JOS SOUTH FROM 2000-2023

Description

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Plateau State, located in the central region of Nigeria, is renowned for its diverse topography, ranging from rolling hills to picturesque landscapes. Rich in natural resources and cultural diversity, the state has played a significant role in Nigeria’s historical and economic development. Established on February 3, 1976, Plateau State is home to various ethnic groups, including the Berom, Hausa, Fulani, and others, contributing to its vibrant social fabric.[i] The capital city, Jos, serves as a melting pot of cultures and religions, epitomizing the harmonious coexistence that characterized the region in earlier years. Jos South, one of the local government areas within Plateau State, has been historically recognized for its cultural mosaic and economic activities.[ii] The area encompasses Jos, which has grown into a bustling urban center over the years. Before the surge in ethnoreligious tensions, Jos South was celebrated for its diverse communities and religious harmony, fostering a peaceful coexistence among its residents.[iii] The city’s transformation over time becomes integral to understanding the dynamics of the ethnoreligious crisis that emerged in the early 21st century.

This study is situated within the intricate socio-historical context of Plateau State, Nigeria, a region historically renowned for its cultural diversity and peaceful coexistence among various ethnic groups. Established in 1976, Plateau State’s capital, Jos, symbolized a model of religious harmony and inter-community relations. However, the turn of the 21st century marked a significant shift, as ethnoreligious conflicts began to disrupt the once harmonious coexistence, particularly in Jos South—the focal point of this investigation.[iv]

Jos South, encompassing the urban center of Jos, underwent a profound transformation characterized by the eruption of ethnoreligious tensions from 2000 to 2023.[v] This period witnessed a departure from the historical norm, as diverse communities grappled with escalating conflicts. The motivation for this study lies in the recognition of the broader implications of the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South for the stability of Plateau State and Nigeria at large. Understanding the historical background and contributing factors is crucial for informed policy making, conflict resolution, and the promotion of sustainable peace in the region.

The study aims to address existing research gaps by providing a comprehensive, chronological analysis of the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South. While previous studies have touched on conflicts in Plateau State, a focused examination of Jos South is needed to unravel the complexities of historical events, key triggers, and shifting dynamics that have defined the crisis in this specific locale.[vi] In doing so, the research endeavors to contribute to the academic discourse on conflict studies and Nigerian history, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities for societal cohesion in the face of ethnoreligious tensions.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The ethnoreligious crisis in Plateau State, specifically within Jos South from 2000 to 2023, presents a complex challenge necessitating thorough investigation. The surge in tensions and conflicts during this period has not only disrupted historical harmony but has also resulted in profound socio-economic and political ramifications. At the crux of the issue is the imperative to comprehend the root causes, triggers, and evolving dynamics of the ethnoreligious crisis, as well as its enduring impact on the communities in Jos South.[vii]

While extant studies acknowledge the existence of ethnoreligious conflicts in Plateau State, there exists a discernible gap in the literature concerning a detailed chronological analysis focused on Jos South. This research seeks to address this gap by examining the intricate interplay of historical, cultural, and political factors contributing to the persistence of the crisis. The absence of a comprehensive understanding hampers the formulation of effective strategies for conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and the restoration of communal relations.

Moreover, the problem extends beyond the local context, with implications resonating at regional and national levels. The lack of a nuanced understanding of the ethnoreligious dynamics in Jos South impedes the formulation of inclusive policies conducive to fostering sustainable peace and social cohesion. Consequently, a detailed exploration of the problem is imperative for developing targeted interventions and facilitating a more comprehensive and informed dialogue on the complex issue of ethnoreligious conflicts in Plateau State, particularly within the Jos South region.[viii]

In consideration of these factors, this research aims to delve into the problematics surrounding the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, providing insights that contribute to both academic scholarship and practical efforts toward conflict resolution and peacebuilding.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

These questions will guide the scope of this study;

1. How have historical, cultural, and political factors contributed to the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, Plateau State, from 2000 to 2023?
2. What are the key triggers and catalysts that led to the escalation of tensions and conflicts within the specified time frame?

• How have local communities in Jos South responded to the ethnoreligious crisis, and what impact have these responses had on social cohesion?

1. In what ways have government interventions and policies influenced the dynamics of the ethno-religious crisis in Plateau State, particularly within Jos South?
2. What lessons can be drawn from the ethno-religious crisis in Jos South, and how can this knowledge inform future strategies for conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and the restoration of communal relations in the region?

 

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research on the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, Plateau State, from 2000 to 2023 holds paramount significance for various stakeholders, contributing to both academic knowledge and practical applications:

1. Policy Implications: The findings of this study will provide policymakers with a nuanced understanding of the historical, cultural, and political dynamics underpinning the ethno-religious crisis. This knowledge is crucial for the formulation of targeted policies aimed at preventing future conflicts, promoting social harmony, and fostering sustainable peace in Plateau State.
2. Community Understanding: Local communities in Jos South stand to benefit from insights into the factors shaping the crisis and influencing its trajectory. Understanding these dynamics can empower communities to actively engage in conflict resolution efforts, contribute to the restoration of communal relations, and develop resilience strategies against future ethnoreligious tensions.

• Academic Scholarship: The study contributes to academic scholarship by filling a notable gap in the literature, providing a comprehensive chronological analysis focused on Jos South. Scholars and researchers interested in conflict studies, Nigerian history, and ethnoreligious dynamics will find valuable insights for further exploration and theoretical development.

1. Conflict Resolution Strategies: Practitioners involved in conflict resolution and peacebuilding initiatives will gain practical insights into the specific challenges faced in Jos South. The study’s recommendations can guide the development of effective strategies to mitigate ethno-religious tensions, promote dialogue, and facilitate reconciliation processes.
2. National and International Understanding: The ethno-religious crisis in Plateau State has implications beyond the local context, affecting the stability of Nigeria as a whole. International organizations, diplomatic entities, and policymakers concerned with regional stability can benefit from a deeper understanding of the crisis to inform their engagement and intervention strategies.

Hence, this research’s significance lies in its potential to inform policies, empower local communities, contribute to academic knowledge, guide conflict resolution efforts, and enhance the understanding of national and international stakeholders in addressing the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, Plateau State.

 

1.5 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.5.1 Aim

The aim of this research is to comprehensively investigate the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, Plateau State, from 2000 to 2023, with a focus on understanding its historical evolution, key triggers, and implications for social cohesion.

1.5.2 Objectives

1. To trace the historical roots of the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, examining the factors that contributed to its emergence and evolution.
2. To identify and analyze the key triggers and catalysts that led to the escalation of tensions and conflicts within the specified time frame.

• To examine the responses of local communities in Jos South to the ethnoreligious crisis and assess the impact of these responses on social cohesion.

1. To evaluate the influence of government interventions and policies on the dynamics of the ethnoreligious crisis in Plateau State, particularly within Jos South.
2. To draw lessons from the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South and provide recommendations for conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and the restoration of communal relations in the region.

These objectives are designed to address the research aim and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, facilitating informed policymaking and fostering sustainable peace in the region.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research is delimited to the ethnoreligious crisis occurring in Jos South, Plateau State, Nigeria, spanning the period from 2000 to 2023. The geographical focus is on Jos South due to its historical significance, demographic diversity, and prominence as a center for the ethnoreligious tensions observed in Plateau State.

1. Chronological Period: The study covers events and developments within the specified timeframe, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the ethnoreligious crisis and its evolution over more than two decades.
2. Geographical Focus: The primary geographical focus is Jos South, with an emphasis on understanding the dynamics within this specific local government area in Plateau State.

• Key Factors: The research will investigate historical, cultural, and political factors contributing to the ethnoreligious crisis, including key triggers and responses from local communities.

1.7 SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS

This research study, consisting of five chapters, aims to delve into the ethnoreligious crisis in Jos South, Plateau State, spanning the years 2000 to 2023. In Chapter 1, the introduction provides an overview of Plateau State and Jos South, highlighting their historical significance in the context of the emerging ethnoreligious crisis. The problem statement emphasizes the necessity for an in-depth analysis, and the research objectives and questions are outlined. The significance of the study is discussed in relation to policy, communities, academia, and conflict resolution efforts, setting the stage for the subsequent chapters.

Chapter 2, the literature review, explores existing knowledge, beginning with a historical overview leading up to 2000. It examines literature on ethnoreligious conflicts in Nigeria, elucidating key themes, theories, and contributing factors. The chapter also reviews previous studies on Plateau State, identifying gaps for further exploration, and introduces the theoretical framework guiding the research.

Given concerns about the reliability of data obtained from interviews and potential memory lapses among respondents, Chapter 3, the methodology chapter, discloses a reliance on secondary data from scholarly articles and journals. The chapter details the chosen research design and justifies its appropriateness. It outlines methods for obtaining and analyzing secondary data while acknowledging potential limitations in the absence of primary data.

Chapter 4, the analysis and findings chapter, delves into historical events, triggers, and community responses during the specified period. It evaluates government interventions and draws lessons from the ethnoreligious crisis, presenting insights obtained from a thorough examination of secondary data.

In Chapter 5, the conclusion and recommendations chapter, key findings are summarized, contributions to academic knowledge are discussed, and recommendations are provided for policymakers, community leaders, and practitioners involved in conflict resolution. The chapter explores implications for future research and concludes by reiterating the study’s significance in the context of relying on secondary data.

[i]Adebayo, K. “Ethnoreligious Conflicts in Plateau State: A Historical Perspective.” Journal of Nigerian History 45, no. 2 (2019): 112-130.

[ii] A. Ibrahim. “Religious Pluralism and Social Harmony in Jos: A Historical Analysis.” Jos Studies 12, no. 3 (2005): 45-58.

[iii] S. Nkamare. “Plateau State: The Cradle of Peace.” Plateau Heritage Magazine 8, no. 4 (2010): 24-31.

[iv] Adebayo, K. “Ethnoreligious Conflicts in Plateau State.

[v] Adebayo, K. “Ethnoreligious Conflicts in Plateau State

[vi] Adebayo, K. “Ethnoreligious Conflicts in Plateau State

[vii] S. Nkamare, “Plateau State: The Cradle of Peace,” Plateau Heritage Magazine 8, no. 4 (2010): 24-31.

[viii] S. Nkamare, “Plateau State: The Cradle of Peace

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

This study finds that the lack of sincere conflict resolution efforts in Jos resulted in the transformation of a once-localized confrontation between political elites of different ethnic groups into a protracted communal conflict with a strong religious dimension. Subsequent to violent clashes in Jos, tensions in rural areas and small towns exploded. Urban and rural cycles of violence have reinforced different conflict clusters along the over arching religious divide. Many residents have come to understand the conflict as are ligious confrontation linked to regional and national political developments. The increasing brutality of the killings over the past two years has had at raumatizing impact on the local population. This has resulted in a severe break-down of trust and communication between religious communities. The high level of tensions,accusations that the other side is preparing for violence,and segregation severely hamper violence prevention and peace-building efforts.

The dynamics of urban violence are characterized by attacks,counter-attacks,and street battles of youth gangs and thugs. A common urban practice during riots is the blocking of major streets and the selective killing of individuals who do not recite the correct religious verses. While much of the killing in 2001 was perpetrated with knives and machetes, gunshot fatalities have become a feature of urban violence since the 2008 riot. On the outskirts of Jos,community members have commonly been attacked and murdered with machetes,while gun shots were used to expel villagers from their dwellings. Within Jos,much of the youth violence is organized a long neighbour hood vigil ante networks that have been transformed into community self-defence groups. Despite numerous clashes, these groups do not appear to have fully formed into standing gangs with city wide command structures.

In contrast, within are as of rural Plateau State,well-armed temporary militia groups have been formed over the past nine years. They have received military-style training and are highly mobile. These groups constitute a significant threat to safety in Plateau, but also in neighbouring states. They were not adequately disarmed during the state of emergency. In general,a large number of weapons remain in circulation, as the numerous gunshot wounds and fatalitie samply demonstrate.

RECOMMENDATION

The Fiberesima Commission report recommends a fair and transparent allocation of political offices and improved equipment for police forces. It also demands that government officials and security forces take warnings and rumours transmitted by civil society actors seriously.

There port confirms the findings and recommendations of the Fiberesima Commission.To reduce communal tensions,it recommends banning the blockage of public roads for both Christian and Muslim prayer services. It also condemns the use of loud speakers by churches and mosques as illegal and inciting religious hatred. Further, it calls on the government to tackle the illegal possession of fire arms in the state(R2K,2010).

The Ajibola report recommends promoting political inclusion and participation and the release of all reports of the various commissions of inquiry. Like the Niki Tobi Commission,it call son the government to enforce the banon blocking streets during worship hours and on the use of mosque and church loudspeakers. The report goes further and recommends major infra-structure development with in the city centre to counter slum development and improve policing. The government should acquire slums such as Angwan Rimi, AngwanRogo, Gangare, Katako, Rikkos, and parts of Ali Kazaure and Dilimi‘ to create a modern city[…]by roads and infrastructure such as housing estates,clinics and modern schools’(PSJCI,2010,para.7.4(i)).Crucially,these slum are as are mostly in habited by the Jasawa,who fear massive expulsion from the city centre and relocation without compensation. It is clear that these poor are as need serious investment in infrastructure. Muslims in Angwan Rogo complained to the author that the government had not invested in any infrastructure over the past decade.Yet,if mishandled,urban development measures directly interlink with the voluntary or forced displacement after violent clashes according to ethno-religious identity.