Description
This project is carried out to know the effects of salt water on concrete. Salt water has salinity of about 3.5%. in that, about 78% is sodium chloride and 15% is chloride and sulphate of magnesium. The result gotten from the experiment being carried out shows different result from the mix design, casting, curing and crushing of different dates of each cubes. The compressive strength of each cube was also determined e.g. for the compressive strength of mix design 1.2.2:4 for both salt water and fresh water for different days such 7,14,21,28 days are “for fresh water” 26.0N/mm2, 33.1N/mm2, 3.8.4N/mm2, 4/06N/mm2 “for salt water” for different days such as 7, 14, 21, 28days which results are 25.9N/mm2, 28.3N/mm2, 36.3N/mm2, 38.9N/m. For compressive strength of Design Ratio “1:1:5:3:3” for different days such as “7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively which are “43.3N/mm2, 47.7N/mm2, 48.4N/mm2, 47.3N/mm2 for fresh water and that of salt water are as follows, 42.1N/mm2, 44.9N/mm2, 46.3N/mm2, 47.26N/mm2. For mix design ratio “1:3:3:5:8” we have their compressive strength to be 16.3N/mm2, 21.8N/mm2, 25.03N/mm2, 29.6N/mm2 for each respective days for fresh water and that of salt water to be 16.2N/mm2, 20.3N/mm2, 23.57N/mm2, 27.6N/mm2, which also helps in the plotting of the graph of compressive strength against the curing days, to determine the strength of each cube.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
List of figures v
Abstract vi
Table of content vii-viii
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1-4
- Objective and Purpose of Study – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4
- Scope and Limitation of Study – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5
- Definition of Terms – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 5-6
- Salt Water (Sea Water) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -6
- Constituent of concrete – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -7-8
- Advantages of concrete – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -8
- Disadvantages of concrete- – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -8-9
- Definition of terms – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -9-10
CHAPTER TWO
- Literature Review – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10-15
- Admixtures – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15-16
- Quality of Water for Preparing Concrete – – – – – – – – – -16-17
- Batching, Proportioning and Mixing of Concrete – – – – -17-19
- Comparison of Salt Water and Fresh Water – – – – – – – -19-20
- Cement Hydration – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – – – 20-21
- Workability and Shrimp of Fresh Concrete – – – – – – – – 21-24
- Curing of Concrete – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 24-25
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Materials and Methods – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – 26
3.2 Collection of Fresh/Tap Water Sample – – – – – – – – – 26-27
3.3 Analysis of the Water Sample – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 27-29
3.4 Grading of Course Aggregates – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -29-30
3.5 Batching and Mixing of Samples Materials Required -30-32
3.6 Curing of Concrete Cubes – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – — 32
3.7 Determination of the Compressive Strength
and Density of the Concrete Cubes – – – – – – – – -32-33
3.8 Mix Design – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – -33-42
CHAPTER FOUR
- Data Presentation – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – – – – 43-47
- Calculations — – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -47-78
- Analysis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 78-80
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – -81
5.2 Recommendations – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – – – -82
Reference – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – — – 83
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS CONCRETE
Concrete is an artificial engineering material made from a mixture of Portland cement, water, fine and course aggregates, and a small amount of air. It is the most widely used construction material in the world.
Concrete is the only major building material that can be delivered to the job site in a plastic state. this unique quality makes concrete desirable as a building material because it can be molded to virtually any form or shape. Concrete provides a wide latitude in surface textures and colours and can be used to construct a wide variety of structures, such as highways, and streets, bridges, dams, barge buildings, airport runways, irrigation structures, breakwaters, piers and docks, sidewalks, soles and farm buildings, homes and even barges and ships.
Other desirable qualities of concrete as a building material are its strength, economy, and durability. Depending on the mixture of material used, concrete will support, in compression, 700 or more kg/sq cm (10,000 or more 1b/sq in). the ensile strength of concrete is much lower, but by using properly designed still reinforcing, structural members can be made that are as strong in tension as they are in compression. The durability of concrete is evidenced by the fact that concrete columns built by the Egyptians more than 3000 years ago are still standing.
There are however, many different types of concrete, the names of some are distinguished by the types, sizes and densities of aggregates e.g. eight weight, normal weight or heavy weight. Concrete are similar in composition to mortar, which are used to bond unit masonry. Mortars however, are normally made with sand as a hole aggregates.
Whereas, concrete contain much larger aggregates and this usually have greater strength. As a result, concrete have a much wider range of structural application, including pavements, footings, pipes, unit majoring, walls, dams and tanks. Because ordinary concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression, it is usually prestressed or reinforced with a much stronger material, such as steel, to resort tension.
There are various methods employed for carting ordering concrete. For very small projects, sacks of prepared mixes may be purchased and mixed on the site with water, usually a drem-type, portable, mechanical mixer.
For large projects, mix ingredient are weighed separately and deposited in a stationary batch mixer or a continuous mixer. Concrete mixed or agitated in a truck is called ready mixed concrete. In general, concrete is placed and consolidation is forms by hand tamping or pudding around reinforcing steel or by spreading at or near vertical surface. Another technique vibration or mechanical pudding, which is the most satisfactory one for achieving proper consolidation.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water and aggregates in a given proportions. Aggregates represent some 60-80% of the concrete volume. They are inert grains bound together by means of a binder which is cement. Although inert, they introduce an important contribution to these major characteristics which make concrete the most favoured building material. Aggregates help to reduce shrinkage and heat dissipation during hardening and also contribute to the increase in the mechanical strength of concrete. Cement generally represent 12-14% of concrete weight. It plays an active part in the mixture by ensuring co- hesion between aggregate grains and, in doing so, it introduces a decisive contribution to concrete mechanical strengths. During the hardening process, it generates shrinkage and heat dissipation phenomena which lead to ma- terial cracking. Water occupies 6-8% of the composition of fresh concrete. It provides for cement hydration and for the workability of the fresh concrete mixture. When in excess, it determinately affects concrete porosity and mechanical strengths.
Water used in this research work is brack water. Brack water is water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as sea water. The word ’brack’ comes from the Middle Dutch root “brack” meaning “Salten” or “Salty”. Brackish water is also the primary waste product of the salinity gradient power. Salinity gradient or Osmotic power is the en- ergy retrieved from the difference in salt con- centration between sea water and river water. Water is said to be salty if it contains chlorides and sulphates.
- OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of the study is to know the adverse negative effect the water (salt) may have on concrete.
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gal, the quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Sea water has a salinity of about 3.5percent, in that , about 78% is sodium chloride and 15% is chloride and sulphate of magnesium. It is said that the use of salt water (sea) for mixing concrete does not appreciably reduce the strength of concrete through it may lead to corrosion of reinforcement in certain cases. The aim of the experiment is to prove whether or not, if the sea water can reduce the strength of concrete.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY
A popular yard-stick to the suitability of water for mixing concrete is that, if water is fit for drinking, it is fit for making concrete. This does not appear to be a true statement for all conditions. Some water containing imparities may be suitable for other purpose, but not for the mixture of concrete.
Some specification requires that if the water is not obtained from source that has proven satisfactory, the strength of concrete or mortar made with questionable water should be compared with similar concrete or mortar made with pure water. Sea water has a salinity of about 3.5percent, in that, about 78% is sodium chloride and 15% is chloride and sulphate of magnesium. It is reported that the use of sea water for mixing concrete does not appreciably reduce the strength of concrete although it may lead to corrosion of reinforcement in certain cases.
The purpose of the experiment is to prove the doubt of people whether or not if salt water has an effect on concrete.
1.5 CONSTITUENT OF CONCRETE
The two major components of concretes are cement parts and inert materials. The cement parts consists of Portland cement, water, and some air either in the form of naturally entrapped air voids or minute, intentionally entrained air bubbles. The inert materials are usually composed of fire aggregate, which is a material such as sand, and course aggregate, which is a material such as gravel, crushed stone, or slag. In general, fire aggregate particular are smaller than 6.4mm (.25mm) in size, and course aggregates a particles are large than 6.4mm (.025mm). Depending on the thickness of structure to be built, the size is used, when Portland cement is mixed with water, the components of the cement react to form a cementing medium. In properly mixed concrete, each particles of sand and course aggregates is completely surrounded and coated by this paste, and all spaces between the particular are filled with it. As the cement part sets and hardens, it binds the aggregates into a solid mass.
Under normal conditions, concrete grows stronger as it grows older. The chemical reactions between cement and water that cause the parts to harden and bind the aggregates together require time. The reactions take place very rapidly at first and then slowly over a long period of time.
1.6 SALT WATER (SEA WATER)
Sea water has a salinity of about 3.5%. in that about 78% is sodium chloride and 15% is chloride and sulphate of magnesium. Sea water also contain small quantities of sodium and potassium salts. This can react with reactive aggregates in the same manner as alkalizes in cement. Therefore, sea water should not be used even for Pcc if aggregates are known to be potentially alkalie reactive. It is reported that the use of sea water for mixing concrete does not appreciately reduce the strength of concrete although it may lead to corrosion of reinforcement in certain cases. Research workers are unanimous in their opinion, that sea water can be used in un-reinforced concrete or mass concrete sea water slightly accelerates the early strength of concrete. But it reduces the 28day strength of concrete by about 10 to 15percent.
However, this loss of strength could be made up by redesigning the mix. Water containing large quantities of chlorides in sea water may cause efflorescence and persistent dampness. When the appearance of concrete is important, sea water may be avoided.
Granite, limestone, sand stone, or basaltic rock are crushed for use principally as concrete aggregate or road stone.
1.7 ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
Under normal conditions, concrete grows stronger as it grows older. It is the most widely used material (construction) in the world, because it is the only major building material that can be delivered to the job site in a plastic state.
Concrete can be molded into different form or shape due to its unique quality. Other qualities of concrete as a building material are its strength, durability, and economy, depending on the mixture of material used.
Concrete provides a wide latitude in surface texture and colours and can be used to construct a wide variety of structures, such as highways and street bridges, dams, large buildings, airport runways, irrigation structures, breakwaters, piers and docks, sidewalks, silos and farm buildings, home and even barges and ships.
1.8 DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
- Ordinary concrete are much weaker in tension, than in compression.
- Concrete is a bottle material and presses very low tensile strength, limiting ductility and little resistance to cracking
- Internal micro cracks as inherent present in the concrete and its poor tensile strength propagates such micro cracks and eventually leading to bottle failure of concrete.
- Concrete containing micro silica is vulnerable to plastic shrinkage, cracking and therefore, sheet or mat curing should be considered.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
- ACCELERATION:- There are substances that speeds up rate of a reaction, for photography, an accelerator speeds the action of a developer. For structural engineering, an accelerator speeds the setting of concrete. In the manufacture of plastics, an accelerator is used to speed up the curing of epoxy and other resion-type plastics.
- GRAVEL:- Gravel, loose material consisting of rock or mineral fragments. Gravel fragments are larger than sand particles and smaller than boulders specifically, gravel particles are larger than 2mm (0.08m) in diameter and smaller than 256mm (10m) in diameter. Gravel is a constituents of concrete, which is used in construction.
Gravel is produced by the weathering and erosion of rocks, strong river currents or glaciers often transport gravel greats distances before it is disposited. Rock fragments in gravel that has been transported by water are worm and rounded, while theso carried by ice usually have sharp angular edges. The rock fragments in gravel transported by rivers also vary in sizeless than those transported by glaciers. Gravels are also found on beaches where there is strong wave actives are very round and smooth.
- SAND:- Sand loose incoherent mass of mineral materials in a finely gramilar condition, usually consisting of quartz (silica) with a small proportion of mica, feldspar, magnetite, and other resistant minerals. It is the product of the chemical and mechanical disintegration of rocks under the influence of weathering and abrasion. When freshly formed, the particles are usually angular and sharply pointed, becoming smaller and more rounded by attrition by the wind or by water.
QUARRY AND QUARRYING
Quarry and quarrying, open excavation from which any useful stone is extracted for building and engineering purpose and the operations required to obtain rock in useful form from a quarry. The two principal branches of the industry are the so-called dimension-stone and crushed stone quarrying. In the firms, blocks of stones such as marble, are extracted in different shapes and sizes for different purposes. In the crushed-stone industry.
1.10 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, aim, purpose, objective, limitation and problem, definition of terms this work was discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the research were discussed.
Chapter four is on test and result analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
REFERENCES
- BS 12. Specification for Ordinary and Rapid Hardening Portland London, 1978, pp 38.
- BS 3797. Lightweight Aggregate for Con London, 1964, PP 8.
- BS 877. Foamed or Expanded Blast Furnace Slag Lightweight Aggregate for Con London, 1967, pp8. ACI Committee 212. Admixture for Concrete. Journal of American Concrete Institute, vol. 60, 2002, pp 11.
- Malhotra M. A Global Review with Emphasis on Durability and Innovative Concrete. Journal of American Concrete Institute, Vol. 30, 1988, pp. 120- 130.
- Neville M. and Brooks J. Concrete Technology, 3rd Edition, Pearson Publishers, In- dia, 1995.
- Neville A.M. Properties of Concrete, 4th Edition, Pitman Publishing Company , New York, 1995.
- Desai B. and Digbe R.S. The Influence of Salt Water on the Compressive Strength of Concrete. India Concrete Journal, vol. 56, 1980, pp 200-208.
- Chatterji A.K. Effect of Salt Water on the Flexural Strength of Journal of Scientific Industrial Research, vol. 18, 2000, pp. 301-340.
- Ding and Zhang D. Influence of Salt Water on the Setting Time of Ordinary Port- land Cement. China Concrete Cement Production, Vol 12, 1999, pp 10-11.
- Agunwamba C. Water Engineering Systems. Revised Edition by De-Adroit Innovation, Enugu, Nigeria, 2008.
British Standard Code Structural Use of Concrete. Part 1, Code of Practice for De- sign and Construction 2004.
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