Description
ABSTRACT
Solar energy is one of the well-known sources of renewable energy. You will find many recent researches conducted with an objective to enhance the efficiency of solar panels (also known as Photo Voltaic systems). One of the ways to attain this objective is solar tracking system. Our project also suggests the same solution but it deals with the solar tracking system which is arduino based. Solar tracking system has always proved to be an effective way to generate more energy because it helps the solar panel remain exactly in front of the solar rays. The concept behind these researches is that it is a fact that the sun keep on moving across the sky, the whole day long therefore it’s a good idea to track its location so that the solar panel can remain exactly in front of it absorbing more power. By applying this concept tracking systems were designed which help increase the amount of energy a solar panel may accumulate. This project employs a solar panel mounted to a stepper motor to track the sun so that maximum sun light is made incident upon the panel at any given time of the day.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- BACKGROUND LITERATURE SURVEY OF THE STUDY
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS
- COMPONENTS OF SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMS
- REVIEW OF THE PAST WORK ON SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BLOCK
3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 PROGRAM CODE
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTION
- PACKAGING
- TESTING ANALYSIS
- RESULT
- COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day. So many different power sources are being used in modern power system. Researchers are trying to make power system more and more efficient. Solar tracking system is also a part of that research to make power sources more efficient. Solar tracking is used to extract more power from solar panels by giving solar panels maximum appearance to sun light. Different techniques have been developed for solar tracking system.
Time based solar tracking automatically adjust the position of solar panel to more optimum position based on time with the help of servo motor connected to solar panel. A algorithm developed with micro controller using real-time clock time is used to adjust position of solar panel with the help of dc motor.
This tracking movement is achieved by coupling a stepper motor to the solar panel such that the panel maintains its face always perpendicular to the sun to generate maximum energy. This is achieved by using an arduino for the stepper motor to rotate the mounted panel in one direction and then return to the start point for next day light as desired.
The main aim of this work is to build an arduino based solar tracking system. The Stepper motor is driven by interfacing arduino with the stepper motor. This particular project is provided with a dummy solar panel, which can be used for demonstration purpose only.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Generally, solar panels are stationary and do not follow the movement of the sun. Because of this disadvantage of solar panel – it can only work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong and we all know that the incident of sunlight changes or moves with the time of the day. solar tracking system is used to tracks the sun’s movement across the sky and tries to maintain the solar panel perpendicular to the sun’s rays, ensuring that the maximum amount of sunlight is incident on the panel throughout the day.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the project is to position a solar panel according to the motion of the sun so that it can produce maximum power. This project uses solar panels, arduino module, light dependent resistor (LDR) and Stepper motor. Here, LDR plays the role in finding the position of the sun.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to build a device that when sun is high up in the sky, the tracking system must follow its position. An active control can help achieve this purpose by using time movements. The system need to be automatic thus making it simple and easy to use. The operator interference need to be negligible and must be restricted.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Adding solar trackers to a solar panel array are very important and a very good idea. These solar trackers actually increase the time a panel may face the sun which helps them produce power more effectively. We have used the concept of using time to track the sun, and not the device which could sense the presence of sun and move the panel in that particular direction.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Solar tracking system has always proved to be an effective way to generate more energy because it helps the solar panel remain exactly in front of the solar rays. The concept behind these researches is that it is a fact that the sun keep on moving across the sky, the whole day long therefore it’s a good idea to track its location so that the solar panel can remain exactly in front of it absorbing more power. By applying this concept tracking systems were designed which help increase the amount of energy a solar panel may accumulate. Solar panel is connecting with servo motor. Servo motor and LDR are interface with arduino.
1.7 BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
- Trackers generate more electricity than their stationary counterparts due to increased direct exposure to solar rays. This increase can be as much as 10 to 25% depending on the geographic location of the tracking system.
- There are many different kinds of solar trackers, such as single-axis and dual-axis trackers, all of which can be the perfect fit for a unique job site. Installation size, local weather, degree of latitude and electrical requirements are all important considerations that can influence the type of solar tracker best suited for a specific solar installation.
- Solar trackers generate more electricity in roughly the same amount of space needed for fixed-tilt systems, making them ideal for optimizing land usage.
- Advancements in technology and reliability in electronics and mechanics have drastically reduced long-term maintenance concerns for tracking systems.
1.8 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
- Solar trackers are slightly more expensive than their stationary counterparts, due to the more complex technology and moving parts necessary for their operation.
- Even with the advancements in reliability, there is generally more maintenance required than a traditional fixed rack, though the quality of the solar tracker can play a role in how much and how often this maintenance is needed.
- Trackers are a more complex system than fixed racking. This means that typically more site preparation is needed, including additional trenching for wiring and some additional grading.
- Single-axis tracker projects also require an additional focus on company stability and bankability. When it comes to getting projects financed, these systems are more complex and thus are seen as a higher risk from a financier’s viewpoint.
- This light-sensing method that may not be accurate always – for example, during cloudy days.
1.9 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- These panels can be used to power the traffic lights and streetlights
- These can be used in home to power the appliances using solar power.
- These can be used in industries as more energy can be saved by rotating the panel.
1.10 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective, purpose, problem and benefit of this study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
As the proposed prototype is a miniature of main system, it has some limitations which can be mitigated through future developments. A small cardboard is rotated in the system and 12v solar panel is used for analysis. As a miniature system, it works out well. Larger Solar panel must be integrated with the system to prepare better result and cost analysis.
It has been proven through our research and statistical analysis that solar tracking system with single-axis freedom can increase energy output by approximately 20%.Further mechanical enhancement can be done to the prototype, to implement dual-axis tracking.
A solar panel tracking system was designed and implemented. The aim of the solar panel tracking system is to track the position of the sun for better efficiency of the solar panel has shown in the experimental results. This work can be executed on an industrial scale which be beneficial to developing countries like Nigeria and Sub-Sahara Africa countries.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Our recommendation for future works is to consider the use of more sensitive and efficient sensors which consume less power and which are also cost effective. This would increase the efficiency while reducing cost.
Arduino recommended input voltage is from 7 to 12 volts. Make sure you power it within the recommended input voltage.
