Description
ABSTRACT
Limestone is principal raw material for cement making industries. Chemical composition of limestone plays great role for making good quality cement. Production of good quality cement is of primary importance for the increment of the durability of infrastructure. Production of large number of cement requires limestone as raw materials and it is urgent to determine the quality of limestone. Quantitative Chemical analysis of one hundred forty three (143) limestone samples, collected by the channel sampling method, is carried out using gravimetric, titrimetric, and atomic absorption spectroscopic methods. The determined values of different parameters in percentages are as follows; loss on ignition (41.96385±0.670325), acid insoluble matter (2.412308±1.014588), Fe2O3 (0.263846±0.082249), Al2O3 (0.765385±1.656052), CaO (52.20538±1.656052) and MgO (3.018462±0.703886). The results indicated that most of the limestone samples are found to meet industrial raw material specifications for some industries. They can be used in the cement, agriculture (liming of soil and fish ponds) and metallurgical purification processes in the steel industry. Collected limestone samples meet the raw material specification of some industries.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- AIM OF THE STUDY
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- GEOLOGY SETTING
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Limestone is consists of primarily of calcium carbonate (at least 50% of CaCO3) in the form of mineral calcite. Limestone is also known as sedimentary rock as it is formed by sedimentation of mineral calcite, minerals and other non-carbonate impurities at suitable environment (Kiattikomol et al, 2000; Bouazza et al, 2016). Limestone is the key raw materials for the cement making industry where chemical properties are important. Portland cement is produced by the calcination of finely ground raw mixture of limestone and clay (Bouazza et al, 2016).
Cement industry is major player for the construction of infrastructures in the development of any country. For the great investment and establishment of cement industry, there are essential elements to be considered like; correct infrastructure selection for location of industry (Ozguner et al, 2014), sufficient reserves of raw materials and a typical sampling of the raw materials used to make Cement (Shah et al, 2007), correct calculations for the feasible clinker mixtures and chemical study of the raw material (Khurshid et al, 2008; Aloui et al, 2008), and raw mix designing (Noor-ul-Amin et al, 2009).
Similarly, agricultural lime (calcium oxide) is added to soil to increase the pH of the soil. More than pH 5.5 is suitable for the green leafy vegetable. Good quality of lime for agricultural industry must contain more than 50% of Calcium oxide (Biskup and Venskutonis, 2004 & 2012).
Different countries may have same or different specifications of limestone for cement industries. But widely accepted practice for the constituent of cement production is CaO (45% min.), MgO (3% max.) and desired impurities of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. Similarly, the metallurgical industries and agricultural industries need limestone raw materials containing more than 50% CaO (Harben, 1995).
There are more than 50 cement industries listed in the department of industry, Nepal (Department of Industry, 2019: NBSM, 2014: Pandey, 2019). Such industries are using limestone located in different part of Nigeria as primary raw material. The composition of limestone plays great role for manufacture of good quality cement. Similarly, good quality of agricultural lime helps to increase the crop yield by increasing the pH of soil. Industries need good quality of limestone raw material for production of quality products.
1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research work is to assess the composition, ascertain the quality and assess their suitability with potentials for cement production.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Limestone is currently being used in cements produced throughout the world. The purpose of this report is to review and summarize technical information on the use of limestone in cement production.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work contains a summary of research into cement inter-ground or blended with limestone. Major topics covered include the effects of limestone use on the particle size distribution of the cement, including the effects on grinding and workability; the hydration and setting of the cement, including effects on reaction chemistry and kinetics and setting time; the properties of mortars and concrete, including physical properties, durability, effects of mineral and chemical admixtures; and quality control aspects of the limestone, cement, and concrete. Emphasis has been placed on providing data from well-documented sources from published literature and test reports from laboratory studies.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
As s student of this department, it was in this study that I came to understand the importance of lime in cement industry and agriculture. Apart from stating that lime cement contains higher composition of lime, also through this study I made to understand that agricultural lime helps to increase the crop yield by increasing the pH of soil.
1.6 GEOLOGY SETTING
The study area is a limestone quarry of the cement plant in Kogi State. Kogi is a state in the central region (Middle-Belt) of Nigeria. It is popularly called the Confluence State because of the confluence of River Niger and River Benue at its capital, Lokoja, which is the first administrative capital of modern-day Nigeria.
Agriculture is the main part of the state economy with fishing in the riverine areas like Lokoja, Idah, Ibaji, Ogugu, etc., and the state also has coal, petroleum, limestone, steel and other mineral industries. The goal of this research is first to determine if discrimination between different bedrock is possible, using geochemical analyses samples. Consequently These limestone formations has been assessed to elaborate their geochemical characteristics.
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