determination of absorption process of paraquat dichloride and butachlor using c-tio- ag

Description

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
• JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
• AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TIO₂)
• PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE
• PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE SAFETY RULE
• HEALTH CONCERN OF PARAQUAT
• OVERVIEW OF BUTACHLOR
• PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BUTACHLOR
• REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     MATERIALS AND METHOD

• INTRODUCTION

3.2    REAGENTS AND APPARATUS

3.3    PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTIONS

3.3.2. Preparation of Stock Solutions of Paraquat Chloride and butachlor (8.00×10-2 M)

3.3.5. Preparation of Stock Solutions of paraquat dichloride and butachlor Chloride (2.00×10-2M)

3.4 CALIBRATION CURVE FOR STOCK SOLUTION OF PARAQUAT CHLORIDE AND BUTACHLOR

3.5  PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CATALYST

3.6   ADSORPTION ON CATALYST (C-TIO2)

2.7   KINETICS STUDY

CHAPTER FOUR

• RESULT AND DISCUSSION
• RESULT ANALYSIS
• RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                     INTRODUCTION

1.1                                       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Agriculture has always been an important sector of the economy of any country. Currently, Nigeria is one of the world’s primary exporters of palm oil. Additionally, pepper, pineapple, cocoa, flowers and tobacco are main crops responsible for the growth of this sector [Jamaludin et al, 2013]. The pesticide industry is one of the most important supporting industries in the field of agriculture [Jamaludin et al, 2013]. The distribution of pesticides in air, water and soil pollute the environment and it is highly influenced by agricultural activities. All pesticides are poisonous and most are readily dissolved in water. They are toxic to aquatic organisms and will affect human health [Priyantha et al, 2008]. Various studies reveal that the increased amounts of pesticides potentially contaminate drinking water sources [Priyantha et al, 2008].

Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride), is one of the toxic substances widely used in the field of agriculture. It is a fast performing and non-specific herbicide, which destroys the tissues of green plants via translocation within the plant. While contact with soil, paraquat dichloride is rapidly adsorbed and further easily leached into water sources [Halfon et al, 2016]. It persists in river waters more than 80%. A major disadvantage of this herbicide is its non-biode-gradable nature and it is breakdown by sunlight. Moreover, it has been considered class I category hazardous compound to mammals, including human [Halfon et al, 2016].

Butachlor is a herbicide of the acetanilide class. It is used as a selective pre-emergent herbicide. It is extensively used in India in the form of granules in rice as post emergence herbicide.

Accidental and deliberate ingestion of paraquat dichloride and butachlor could be fatal at LD50 15 0 mg kg–1. Acute poisoning can affect respiratory, central nervous system and kidney functions. Apart from this, it has been identified as a possible risk factor of many disease [Winnik et al, 2019]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a novel method, which is highly selective, sensitive and rapid for the determination of paraquat dichloride and butachlor.

 

The available literature shows that there are numerous methods reported for the determination of paraquat dichloride and butachlor, such as capillary electrophoresis, spec-trophotometry [Jain et al, 2018], chromatography, immunoassay and electrochemical methods. However, most of these techniques have certain limitations in analytical applications. The chemical methods have gained attention due to their advantages such as simple process, portability, good sensitivity, as well as less time consuming and cost-effectiveness.

 

In the present study, voltammetric behaviour of paraquat dichloride and butachlor is examined by using silver embedded titanium dioxide. This new chemical method is successfully applied to the determination of paraquat dichloride and butachlor in commercial pesticides and water samples. The developed technique is simple, sensitive and shows low detection limit.

1.2                            STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Maintaining or indeed improving crop yields on existing farmed land, whether on a smallholder scale or on larger farms, is thus necessary. One of the limiting factors is often weed control; biological control of weeds is generally of limited use and mechanical control is either often difficult with machinery or very laborious by hand. Thus the use of herbicides has become very important. Minimum cultivation can also be important, as it reduces the power required to work the soil, limits erosion and helps to maintain the organic matter content of the soil. This last aspect helps preserve both the structure of soil and its populations of organisms, and also sustains the Earth’s soil as a massive sink for carbon, an important consideration in the light of global warming. The introduction of the paraquat and butachlor in the early 1960s greatly facilitated weed control in many crops.

1.3                                       JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Paraquat and butachlor have the unusual property of being active when direct spray onto plants and not by uptake from soil in which strong binding deactivates it. Together with its rapid action in light in killing green plant tissue, such properties allow paraquat and butachlor to be used in many crops, including those grown by low-tillage methods. Absorption process of the paraquat and butachlor provide a means of permitting paraquat and butachlor to be used in plant and animals.

1.4                    AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to determine the absorption process of paraquat dichloride and butachlor using silver embedded titanium dioxide. The objective are:

1. To investigate the photodegradation of paraquat herbicide and butachlor using TiO2-Ag.
2. To observe the presence of Ag dopants on TiO2

• To determine photocatalytic activity of nano TiO2 particles from UV light to visible light.

1. To determine suitable pH for degrading Butachlor with catalysts

 

1.5    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will serve as a means of promoting sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is essential for man’s survival, especially given our rapidly increasing population. Expansion of agriculture into remaining areas of natural vegetation is undesirable, as this would reduce biodiversity on the planet.

1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this work covers the determination of absorption process of paraquat dichloride and butachlor using C-Tio- Ag. There are different types of toxic materials which can be used for the absorption process but this work is limited to using C-Tio- Ag.