Description
ABSTRACT
A single face portable kerosene pressure cooker is a cooking stove specially designed to be portable and lightweight, used in camping, picnicking, back packing, or other use in remote locations where an easily transportable means of cooking or heating is needed. Portable stoves can be used in diverse situations, such as for outdoor food service and catering and in field hospitals.
Household energy especially cooking energy, often accounts for a big part of the overall energy consumption in many developing countries such as Nigeria. In Nepal for example about 70% of the total energy consumed was used for cooking purposes only. In general, wood is still the main energy source in the rural areas of tropical countries; steadily rising fire wood consumption for cooking purposes results.
This paper dealt with the design and construction of a portable kerosene pressure-cooker. The existing cookers and the problems associated with them were analyzed. The need and importance of this work were also high highlighted. The design consists of three parts: the cylinder, the piping, and the frame. The R-12 refrigerant cylinder was redesigned to suit the kerosene cylinder, since it has the desirable features for that purpose. Using the principles of fluid dynamics, this work was able to establish that the power of the cooker is 179.922KW, and that under a constant pressure of IMPa the cooker will discharge and burn 1 litre of kerosene in 3.5 minutes giving out an enormous heat energy of 38.2MJ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- USING A KEROSENE COOKER AS A HEATER
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF TYPES OF COOKERS
- REVIEW OTHER TYPES OF COOKER
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PORTABLE KEROSINE PRESSURE COOKER
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PRESSURE KEROSENE COOKER
- OPERATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROPERTIES OF KEROSENE
- ATOMIZATION OF KEROSENE
- COMBUSTION OF KEROSENE
- DESIGN DIAGRAM
- HOW TO USE KEROSENE PRESSURE COOKER
CHAPTER FOUR
- DESIGN PROCEDURE AND ANALYSIS
- THE KEROSENE CYLINDER
- FLOW THROUGH PIPE AND BURNER
- DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Household energy especially cooking energy, often accounts for a big part of the overall energy consumption in many developing countries such as
Nigeria. In Nepal for example about 70% of the total energy consumed was used for cooking purposes only.
In general, wood is still the main energy source in the rural areas of tropical countries. Steadily rising firewood consumption for cooking purposes results in deforestation of large areas, creating severe ecological problems. Smoke (Carbon monoxide) that comes out as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon poses health risk to humans and the environment, i.e. it irritates the eyes and lungs, and contributes to air pollution.
The use of electric-cooker is limited mainly due to the inadequate distribution and supply of electricity, especially to the rural areas, similarly the use of solar-cooker and biogas are still limited due to technical and handling problems.
In Nigeria today, kerosene is relatively cheap with respect to cooking gas, and considering the fact that deforestation is not good for the environment, it becomes expedient to design and construct a kerosene pressure-cooker.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
In an ideal world, everyone would have kerosene stove. I consider a kerosene kitchen stove to be central to the concept of being self-reliant. Every year the electric power goes out for almost everyone during storms or hurricanes. Without the ability to cook and heat a home, many people evacuate to a motel – and spend more per day than the cost of a kerosene stove! Absurd, but it happens almost every day somewhere in the country. And what about a manufactured event. Government plans already on the books call for people to be quarantined in their homes. Smart people will want to self-quarantine to avoid unnecessary exposure to pathogens. But what is to stop terrorists from then knocking down an electric transmission tower in a remote area? Given that the electrical grid is tied together, an entire region would lose power. And who would break quarantine to fix that problem? Without a kerosene stove for cooking and a little heat, millions of people could suffer terribly. Many would be forced to go to a shelter, a crowded shelter, and thereby almost ensure they would catch what the least resistant person in the shelter was spreading about.
In an effort to develop an economical means of cooking, different people and institutions have come up with different designs and innovations of cooking gadgets. Nevertheless, each design comes up with its peculiar limitation especially with reference to the environment in which it is being used. A look at the different types of cookers available would help us to understand the importance of this particular work.
Generally speaking, there are two types of kerosene stoves – the wick type and the pressure stove. Wick stove can be either multiple small wicks, a single wick standing on its edge (gravity flow Butterfly design), or take a standard heater-type circular wick. .
1.3 DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS
- To present an economical means of cooking
- To present a cooker that does not pose health risk to the user and is environment friendly, i.e. applies complete combustion of kerosene.
- The cooker should be simple and easy to operate
- The cooker should be safe and easy to maintain
- The cooker should be able to produce enough useful heat with minimum energy loss.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- It would discourage the use of wood as fuel for a domestic cooking since it is affordable and economical
- It can be used for commercial purposes (restaurants and Hotels) since the kerosene cylinder is designed to contain large quantity of kerosene which can burn for a longer period of time.
- It does not form soot on the utensil used on it since the atomization and vaporization of the kerosene helps it to burn properly in the presence of oxygen.
- Kerosene, as fuel, is more available and affordable than cooking gas.
- Kerosene stove works exactly like gas cooker.
- No risk of fire outbreak. No smoke or blackening of pot.
- No need for stove wick.
1.5 USING A KEROSENE COOKER AS A HEATER
Kerosene cookers can be used as an emergency heat source. The burner unit on a cooker lacks a flame plate on top, as do kerosene heaters: the flame is designed to impact a solid surface directly at the cooking surface. I use an 8″ x 8″ x 3 5/8″ concrete block (or a round steel plate) on top of the units when using them for heating. The flame is adjusted to a bright blue, with no yellow showing, and the concrete block acts as a heat sink, moderating and dissipating the heat
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
This design was carried out in recognition of the present problems experienced by many Nigerians due to irregular supply of electricity and the persistent scarcity of petroleum products. Also, the environmental and health hazards associated with fire wood cooking were also taken into cognizance.
The various problems associated with the conventional kerosene stove were also highlighted, and this design is meant to overcome these problems especially the problem of sooty flame. The design and construction of this kerosene pressure-cooker was carried out successfully. In fact, one of the major successes of this work was the ability to use a discarded R-12 cylinder, which was regarded as a waste, to design the kerosene pressure cylinder.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This study recommends that the production of this pressure-cooker in commercial quantity should be encouraged with a view to reduce the cost of production, and consequently make it more affordable to Nigerians.
Furthermore, the large scale production of this pressure-cooker will not only create employment opportunity to the local people but will also reduce the wide dependence on wood as a source of fuel for domestic cooking and create a healthier environment.
Considering the enormous amount of heat the cooker can produce, an oven for baking bread can be fashioned out of it.
