Description
ABSTRACT
Most of the activities at a work shop involve working with wood and metals. This includes sawing, sanding and sometimes treating wood. These processes produce dust that is extracted right at the machines with source extraction. The remaining dust, particularly the medium-sized and fine dust, cannot be captured by source extraction and therefore remains in the air within the shop, eventually settling to the floor. The way to solve this problem is dust extraction. The main aim of this work is to fabricate a dust extracting machine which operates on a 220 volt system and consists of one filtration bag and one plastic reservoir collection bag. The essence of this work is to develop a low cost dust extractor device that will be of immeasurable value to our local industries. This device, the dust extractor machine will eliminate dust and other similar solid pollutants of related sizes form enclosures. The effect would be the purification of the surrounding air. Both past and recent developments have been taken into consideration. The outstanding features in these extractor devices have been weighed against problems that limit their usage. And in our design, the experience and efforts of past inventors have been brought to bear vis-à-vis our research efforts. The design of the dust extractor machine is based on engineering laws, principles and theory. The machine was fabricated in accordance with the specification and although this is a research model, the specification was strictly adhered to. An industrial scale would simple be in line with dimensional analysis. The materials used in construction were locally sourced and economic was employed without compromising quality in the cost analysis.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH
- METHODOLOGY
- RESEARCH PLANNING
- HYPOTHESIS
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT
- REVIEW OF DUST
- REVIEW OF DUST CONTROL
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 THE BASICS OF DUST EXTRACTION
3.2 DESIGN DIAGRAM
3.3 DESIGN CONCEPT
3.4 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
3.5 MACHINE COMPONENTS
3.6 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENT PARTS
3.7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
3.8 PRELIMINARY DESIGN CALCULATIONS
3.9 MATERIAL SELECTION
3.10 DUST EXTRACTOR FEATURES
CHAPTER FOUR
TEST AND RESULT
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
- SAFETY OF DUST EXTRACTOR
- CHOOSING A DUST EXTRACTOR
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Dust is made of fine particles of solid matter. According to Merriam-Webster (2007) on Earth, dust generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind (an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution. Dust in homes is compose of about 50% dead skin cells [Hess-Kosa, 2002]. The rest, and in offices, and other human environments is composed of small amounts of plant pollen, human and other animal hairs, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, burnt meteorite particles, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment[Hess-Kosa, 2002].
Atmospheric known as aeolian dust, comes from arid and dry regions where high velocity winds are able to remove mostly silt-sized material, deflating susceptible surfaces. This includes areas where grazing, ploughing, vehicle use, and other human activities have further destabilized the land, though not all source areas have been largely affected by anthropogenic impacts [Middleton, 2001]
Dust kicked up by vehicles traveling on roads [Jickells, 2005] may make up 33% of air pollution. [Jickells, 2005] Road dust consists of deposits of vehicle exhausts and industrial exhausts, particles from tire and brake wear, dust from paved roads or potholes, and dust from construction sites. Road dust is a significant source contributing to the generation and release of particulate matter into the atmosphere. Control of road dust is a significant challenge in urban areas, and also in other locations with high levels of vehicular traffic upon unsealed roads, such as mines and landfill dumps.
Road dust may be suppressed by mechanical methods like street sweeper vehicles equipped with vacuum cleaners,(Peel, G, 2001) vegetable oil sprays, or with water sprayers. Calcium Chloride can be used. Improvements in automotive engineering have reduced the amount of PM10s produced by road traffic; the proportion representing re-suspension of existing particulates has increased as a result.
Dust in the atmosphere is produced by siltation and sandblasting of sand-sized grains and it is transported through the troposphere. This airborne dust is considered an aerosol and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local radiative forcing. Saharan dust in particular can be transported and deposited as far as the Caribbean and the Amazon basin, and may affect air temperatures, cause ocean cooling, and alter rainfall amounts.
In a work shop such as mechanical engineering workshop a lot of wood and iron dust is produced that causes all sorts of problems in the workplace. This includes problems with machines, high cleaning costs as well as health problems. Dust can be inhaled by the workers. That is not healthy, because wood dust in the lungs can cause various allergic reactions and lead to health problems. It can irritate the skin, eyes and respiratory passages. Moreover, wood dust can cause cancer.
A dust extractor is a system used to enhance the quality of air released from industrial and commercial processes by collecting dust and other impurities from air or gas. Designed to handle high-volume dust loads, a dust collector system consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system. It is distinguished from air purifiers, which use disposable filters to remove dust.
Dust extractor is used in many processes to either recover valuable granular solid or powder from process streams, or to remove granular solid pollutants from exhaust gases prior to venting to the atmosphere. Dust extractor may be of single unit construction, or a collection of devices used to separate particulate matter from the process air. They are often used as an air pollution control device to maintain or improve air quality.
Dust control design requires multiple design considerations to be taken into account, for instance: Air volume, filter area, ambient conditions, cleaning cycle, flow management, fluid mechanics and element geometry are all crucial. The machine characteristics such as particle size and shape, toxicity, bulk density, bonding, agglomeration and moisture content also play an important part in the design process.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Everyone is exposed to dust in some form or other but most especially places like workshop and factories. The human body has various defense mechanisms to deal with the dust we breathe in, but in some cases it can become overwhelmed if dust particles are small enough or in sufficient numbers.
Human health effects of dust relate mainly to the size of dust particles. Dust may contain microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are small enough to get deep into the lungs and cause serious health problems. Large particles may irritate the nose, throat and eyes. The particle size is a major determinant of how serious the health effect will be, especially for lung diseases and the effects on the heart. It is because of the stated problems that dust extractor was invented. This machine was built to suck up dust in our environment.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to:
- Design and construct a simple machine that would capture and purify the air within a production room.
- To test and evaluate the designed machine.
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW
Dust extraction systems are the most widely used engineering control technique employed by mineral processing plants to control dust and lower workers’ respirable dust exposure. A well-integrated dust collection system has multiple benefits, resulting in a dust-free environment that increases productivity and reclaims valuable product according to EPA [1996].. The most common dust control techniques at mineral processing plants utilize local exhaust ventilation systems (LEVs). These systems capture dust generated by various processes such as crushing, milling, screening, drying, bagging, and loading, and then transport this dust via ductwork to a dust collection filtering device. By capturing the dust at the source, it is prevented from becoming liberated into the processing plant and contaminating the breathing atmosphere of the workers. LEV systems use a negative pressure exhaust ventilation technique to capture the dust before it escapes from the processing operation. Effective systems typically incorporate a capture device (enclosure, hood, chute, etc.) designed to maximize the collection potential. As part of a dust collection system, LEVs possess a number of advantages: the ability to capture and eliminate very fine particles that are difficult to control using wet suppression techniques; the option of reintroducing the material captured back into the production process or discarding the material so that it is not a detriment later in the process; and consistent performance in cold weather conditions because of not being greatly impacted by low temperatures, as are wet suppression systems. In addition, LEVs may be the only dust control option available for some operations whose product is hygroscopic or suffers serious consequences from even small percentages of moisture (e.g., clay or shale operations). In most cases, dust is generated in obvious ways. Anytime an operation is transporting, refining, or processing a dry material, there is a great likelihood that dust will be generated. It also follows that once the dust is liberated into the plant environment, it produces a dust cloud that may threaten worker health. In addition, high dust levels can impede visibility and thus directly affect the safety of workers.
The shape of particles affects how they are collected and how they are released from the collection media. Particle shape is a common terminology used in aerosol technology, while the term aerodynamic diameter is frequently used to describe particle diameters. The aerodynamic 3 diameter of a particle is the diameter of a spherical particle that has a density of 1,000 kg/m (the standard density of a water droplet) and the same settling velocity as the particle [Hinds 1999]. Aerodynamic diameter is used in many designs of filtration systems and air cleaners. Additional properties of the material that are key design considerations for dust collection systems are moisture and temperature. Moisture and temperature play a significant part in equipment selection for dust extraction systems.
1.5 IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH
This machine is targeted at solving the problem of dust pollution occurring from small scale business ventures where dust is generated such as solid mineral processing factories, wood processing factories, grain milling and threshing and other such similar ventures or activities where dust is readily and openly released to the atmosphere or the environment. Indigenous extractor devices are not common; this research will be an indigenous design of a dust extractor machine. Dust extractor requires very little maintenance, have low up-front cost, and offer unmatched versatility.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Numerous researches were carried out in order to fully understand the project.
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Sourcing of soft copy materials to be used.
- Sourcing of hard copy material to be used,
- Studying of various component used.
- Construct the whole machine.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.7 RESEARCH PLANNING
This project work is basically divided into five (5) chapters:
CHAPTER ONE: Takes on the introduction of the subject matter. If consists of the super significance and definition of terms of the study.
CHAPTER TWO: This is the literature review this entails the works that had been done on this particular topic which was done by other researchers.
CHAPTER THREE: Will talk about the Method that the researcher adopted in getting necessary materials or information that will facilitate the success of the research work.
CHAPTER FOUR: Explain how the researcher was able to analysis and present the data he got for his work in the chapter:
CHAPTER FIVE: Brings everything to conclusion the researcher does his summary and give necessary recommendation where needed.
1.8 HYPOTHESIS
Hi: Dust extractor can be used to reduce respiratory sicknesses caused by dust
Ho: Dust extractor cannot be used to reduce respiratory sicknesses caused by dust.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Dust: is a common air pollutant generated by many different sources and activities.
Pollutant – a substance that has been introduced to the environment and has undesired or negative effects.
Particles – tiny solid and liquid substances that can float in the air. Many particles are invisible.
Particulate Matter (PM) – PM10 and PM2.5 refers to dust classified by the size of particles captured during air monitoring.
1.10 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
At the end of this work this report will provide answers to the following question:
- What is a dust extractor?
- What dust can be collected with your dust extractor?
- What are the materials used in the design of this device?
- How much should I spend to build dust extractor?
- Do heat or humidity affect the operation of the machine
- How much dust is too much for the machine?
REFERENCES
“Dust”. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2017-03-14.
Dust Biology for Allergists, Acarologists and Mycologists, J. E. M. H. van Bronswijk, p37
Hess-Kosa, Kathleen (2002). Indoor Air Quality: sampling methodologies. CRC Press. p. 216.
Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (2001). “Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26 (2): 165.
Jickells, T. D.; An, Z. S.; Andersen, K. K.; Baker, A. R.; Bergametti, G.; Brooks, N.; Cao, J. J.; Boyd, P. W.; Duce, R. A.; Hunter, K. A.; Kawahata, H.; Kubilay, N.; Laroche, J.; Liss, P. S.; Mahowald, N.; Prospero, J. M.; Ridgwell, A. J.; Tegen, I.; Torres, R. (2005). “Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate”. Science. 308 (5718): 67–71.
Peel, G.; Michielen, M.; Parker, G. (2001). “Some aspects of road sweeping vehicle automation”. 2001 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8556). 1. Ieeexplore.ieee.org. pp. 337–342.
ACGIH [2007]. 2007 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Davis GS [2002]. Silicosis. In: Hendrick DJ, Burge PS, Beckett WS, Churg A, eds. Occupational disorders of the lung: recognition, management, and prevention. W.B. Saunders, pp. 105–127.
EPA [1996]. Air quality criteria for particulate matter, Vol. 1. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency.
Fed. Reg. 2521 [1989]. Occupational Safety and Health Administration: air contaminants; final rule; silica, crystalline-quartz. (Codified at 29 CFR 1910.)
NIOSH [1974]. NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to crystalline silica. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75–120.
NIOSH [2002]. NIOSH hazard review: health effects of occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica. B y Schulte PA, Rice FL, Key-Schwartz RJ, Bartley DL, Baron P, Schlecht PC, Gressel M, Echt AS. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002–129.
NIOSH [2003]. NIOSH manual of analytical methods, 4 ed., 3 supplement. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2003– 154.
NISA [2010]. Occupational health program for exposure to crystalline silica in the industrial sand industry, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: National Industrial Sand Association.
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