Description
ABSTRACT
In today’s world, there is a continuous need for automatic appliances with the increase in standard of living, there is a sense of urgency for developing circuits that would ease the complexity of life.
The project is designed to operate an electrical load multiple number of times as per the program. It overcomes the difficulties of switching the load ON/OFF manually. This proposed has an inbuilt real time clock (RTC) to keep tracking the time and thus to switch ON/OFF the load accordingly.
Load shedding is what electric utilities do when there is a huge demand for electricity that exceeds the supply. Thus in a distribution system it needs to be precisely controlled for specific period of time. Programmable load shedding time management system is a reliable circuit that takes over the manual task of switch ON/OFF the electrical devices with respect to time. It uses real time clock (RTC) interfaced to a micro-controller of 8051 family. While the set time equals to the real time, then micro-controller gives command to the corresponding relay to turn ON the load and then another command to switch OFF as per the program. Multiple ON/OFF time entry is the biggest advantage with this project. A matrix keypad helps to enter the time.
The system requires an ultrasonic sensors and a battery for making the entire idea functional. The ultrasonic sensors that are responsible for detection of an object or human being would be manually placed on the light poles, on detection of an object; they would send electrical signals to the central sensor box consisting of micro-controller. The micro-controller that would be powered by a source will then eventually turn ON lights of the location where the object is detected.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2 EFFECT OF EXCESS LOAD ON POWER GENERATING EQUIPMENT
2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.4 WHY THE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY CAPACITY IS LESS THAN DEMAND
2.5 LOAD SHEDDING PROCEDURES
2.6 TYPES OF LOAD SHEDDING
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM FEATURES
3.5 COMPONENTS LIST
3.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
3.7 CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.8 POWER SUPPLY
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CASING
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
4.6 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
The demand for electrical energy is increasing. Today over 21% of the total electrical energy generated in Nigeria is lost in transmission (4-6% ) and distribution (15-18%).
The electrical power deficit is currently about 18% in the country. Clearly, reduction in distribution losses can reduce this deficit by significantly. Its possibility to bring down the distribution losses to a 6-8 % level in India with the help of newer technological option (including information technology) in the electrical power distribution sector which will enable better monitoring and control. The project “Electricity and load shedding monitoring” are designed such that distribution point or grids monitored and load shedding from one central location.
Load shedding in electrical supply networks is a controlled process in which the utility company drops off part of the load in order to balance the demand and the generated capacity. This is often done whenever there is excess load on the system. In standby generators, it involves disconnecting or shedding some circuits to prevent an overload condition. The main aim of this work is to build a micro-controller based device the on/off a power supply whenever there is excess load on the system.
Most common problems that we face is monitoring feeders, substation, Distribution Transformers and Distribution points from one central location.. In this project we will be making a prototype to monitor a distribution point from a central location and if any problem occurs information will be sent to the central unit. Moreover theft is also quite common at the distribution points as it is not possible for someone to monitor them24 hours. When load shedding occurs in an area the complete power to the concerned area is cut off, these include street lights, traffic signals and important utilities like hospitals, police stations & fire brigade even their power is turned OFF. In this project, this device can cut off the power to specific area by just sending an SMS to the concerned Distribution Point there by retaining power for the basic utilities.[1]
This system is designed to integrate the microcontroller with ultrasonic sensors. Ultrasonic sensors are based on measuring the properties of sound waves with frequency above the human audible range. They are based on three physical principles: time of flight, the Doppler effect, and the attenuation of sound waves. Ultrasonic sensors are non-intrusive in that they do not require physical contact with their target, and can detect certain clear or shiny targets otherwise obscured to some vision-based sensors. On the other hand, their measurements are very sensitive to temperature and to the angle of the target [2].
Ultrasonic sensors “are based on the measurement of the properties of acoustic waves with frequencies above the human audible range,” often at roughly 40 kHz. They typically operate by generating a high-frequency pulse of sound, and then receiving and evaluating the properties of the echo pulse [5].
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to build a micro-controller based device the ON/OFF a power supply whenever there is excess load on the system. The objectives are:
- To reduce human labour
- To save generators from breakdown due to overloading
- To have the knowledge of automation.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
This project is required for load shedding time management which is used when the electricity demand exceeds the supply and there comes a need for manually switching ON/OFF the electrical devices in time. However the purpose of the system is to eliminates the manual operation by automatically switching the load ON/OFF
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Programmable load shedding time management system is a reliable circuit that takes over the manual task of switch ON/OFF the electrical devices with respect to time. It uses real time clock (RTC) interfaced to a micro-controller of 8051 family. While the set time equals to the real time, then micro-controller gives command to the corresponding relay to turn ON the load and then another command to switch OFF as per the program. Multiple ON/OFF time entry is the biggest advantage with this project. A matrix keypad helps entering the time. A 7-sement display is interfaced to the micro-controller to display time. The ultrasonic sensor used is responsible for detection of an object or human being, on detection of an object; it would send electrical signals to the central sensor box consisting of micro-controller. The micro-controller that would be powered by a source will then eventually turn ON lights of the location where the object is detected.
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- Prevents overloading and damage of the power generators
- Prevents instability and system collapse of the electrical generation and distribution systems
- Ensures that consumers or parts of the network have power as opposed to a total blackout.
- The planned schedules ensure that available capacity is shared fairly and each consumer gets power at one time or another.
- It serves as a warning to the utility hence forcing them to increase capacity, and efficiency so as to meet the demand.
1.7 DISADVANTAGES OF LOAD SHEDDING
- One another major problem in our society created by load shedding is safety. Even though this point looks far fetched it is a dangerous problem. People in our society not only work at day but have night shifts as well. These people face serious threat from attackers at night specially walking down dark narrow lanes with no light. They can be easy prey to any thieves or robbers.
- The other disadvantage is that the students are going to have a hard time studying without light. Our country’s future looks dark if the students who are to lead the country in future are deprived of the basic infrastructure which helps them move forward. Load shedding not only stops them from reading and writing but blocks the path to them getting knowledge through internet, television etc.
iii. Other disadvantages can be people and hospitals having problems with their day to day activities. Offices not being able to run properly, people not being able to do their work on time. These are only branches of a huge problem our country faces. The root problem could lead to financial breakdown and an economic dis-balance in the country with all the importing of electricity and everything.
- The utilities may not increased the output
- Restoring the load may cause more instabilities
1.7 PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- The motion detection system of the device may stop working as soon as the sensor got spoiled.
- This device can also come ON when it detects unnecessary object such as animal.
1.9 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
The proposed system along with remote communication with SMS will be running automatically and minimized a huge amount of manual work and enhance efficiency to the existing manual system. Load shedding is one the main actions that can be used to prevent further spread of a wide area disturbance and restoration of the load generation balance in a separated part of the system.
Proposed system is power saving mechanism for lights by using a simple sensor box mechanism.
It proposes the idea of illuminating the street only when required and turning of the lights immediately when not in need. It hence saves a load of power consumption that was once utilized unnecessarily by the previous mechanism.
