Description
ABSTRACT
Nowadays highways are lightened by using High Intensity Lamps. The disadvantage of this High Intensity Lamps is that it consumes a lot of energy and another disadvantage of this is that the intensity cannot be varied according to the requirement. To overcome this limitation, this system “Automatic Light Intensity Controller by External Light Sensing Project” is developed. To overcome the limitations specified above, it makes use of LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes) as light source and simultaneously its intensity can be varied and controlled as per the need. The programmable instructions to control the intensity by producing pulse width modulated signals which drives a MOSFET to switch LEDs to achieve required results are fed into the 8051 family microcontroller. Our system also senses external lighting conditions to vary the light intensity. Based on external lighting conditions the intensity of inner lights is varied using PWM. So when external light is low, the light intensity is high and as external light increases our decreases to save power.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT MOTIVATION/CONSIDERATION
- PROJECT ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF HISTORY OF LIGHTING
- REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED LIGHT
- HEALTH CONCERNS ABOUT LED LIGHTS
- REVIEW OF ADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTS
- DISADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTS
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE
- COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Lights are controlled manually in olden days. These days automation of lights has emerged. But one can observe that there is no need of high intensity in peak hours i.e. when there is no traffic and even in early mornings. By reducing the intensity in these times, energy can be saved to some extent.
There are many methods to save the power like Switching the light on detecting vehicle or human , light controlling using LDR and relays etc. Most commonly found lights are HID or High Intensity Discharge lamps, which consume a lot of power. In order to save energy, the circuits are designed with high intensity LEDs in place of HID lamps.
White LED (Light Emitting Diodes) substitutes HID lanterns in road illumination system to add on dim element. 8051 family’s micro-controller is bring into play to control the power by growing pulse width transformed pointers that impels a MOSFET to swap the Light Emitting Diodes accordingly to accomplish most wanted function.
In the current system, maximum lightning over the freeways is completed through HID (High Intensity Discharge lamps), the energy utilization of HID lamps/lanterns are high. The intensity of HID lamps cannot be controlled, in harmony to the necessity, therefore there is a requirement to swap to a substitute way of illumination system i.e., by making use of LEDs. This lighting system is constructed to conquer the disadvantages of High Intensity Discharge lamps.
This lightning system exhibits the utilization of the Light emitting diodes or LED’s as the source of light and its intensity control is variable which can be altered as per the requirement. LED’s use a lesser amount of power and its life span is good, in comparison to the old HID lanterns/lamps. The more vital and motivating characteristic is that the intensity of LED’s can be controlled as per the requirement throughout non-peak hours which is not possible with HID lanterns/lamps.
A bunch of LEDs are brought into play to structure a street light. The micro-controller includes planned instructions which are used for controlling the intensity of lanterns based on Pulse width modulation (PWM) produced indicators. The lights intensity are kept soaring all through the peak hours, because the street traffic have a propensity to reduce slowly during late night hours, the intensity of the traffic also declines gradually till sunrise. Finally it’s totally shuts down at dawn, and it’s all over again restarts at 6pm during the dusk. The course of action is repeated.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to design a device that will automatically controls light intensity. The proposed device controls street light intensity by calculating the peak hours. This work explains light controlling using PIC microcontroller.
1.2 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- Power wastage can be reduced.
- Using LED array reduces the cost.
- Using of RTC and LDR produces accurate results.
1.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- Even though energy is saved if there are any vehicles after fixed time, intensity of the light is low.
- Maximum energy cannot be saved.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The main principle of this project is to Control the intensity of street lights using PWM. Peak hours of a particular area are calculated and accordingly PWM signal is adjusted by microcontroller to increase or decrease the intensity of lights. These peak hours can be calculated by considering parameters like density, time, light intensity of the environment.
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
This device can be used in places like:
- Homes
- Road (for street light)
- Offices
- And industries, etc.
1.6 PROJECT MOTIVATION/CONSIDERATION
The main considerations in the present field technologies are Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of the power(Thermal, Hydro etc.,)are getting diminished due to various reasons. The main aim of the project is Automatic light power saving system with sensor, this is to save the power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to make cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc we can design intelligent systems for the usage of lights.
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
Lighting can illuminate your road or homes; it can help you to see who is calling at night and deter criminals from lurking; it can allow you to make the most of a patio during warm summer nights; and it can create dramatic visual effects of light and shadow among the plants.
Major advantages of lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. External lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in our road/home where the need for illumination is needed. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel.
Working on this topic as my project is a good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be given to other students both in higher and lower class.
5.3 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
This theory in future can be improved by incorporating it with the solar energy panel, which exchanges the solar energy into parallel electrical energy, and this electric power is utilized to light up the freeway lanterns/lights.
