Description
This project work is on 220v live wire scanner. When you hold the sensor (metallic conductor or copper wire) close to the live wire, electric field from mains activates the circuit. As the input impedance of the CMOS IC is high, the electric field induced in the sensor is sufficient to clock it. The output obtained at pin 11 of CD4017 drives the LED. Flashing of the LED (LED2) indicates the presence of mains, while LED1 indicates that the scanner is active.
The circuit can be used to find stray leakage from electrical appliances like fans, mixers, refrigerators, etc. It can be easily assembled on any general-purpose board or the discrete components can be directly soldered on the IC. This proposed device will detect the electrical power lines and give the alert signal to the user via LED.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM / OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- MOTIVATION OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- ELECTRIC SHOCK OVERVIEW
- ELECTRIC SHOCK CAUSES
- REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL TESTERS AND THEIR USES
- LIVE WIRE DETECTION
- PROPOSED SYSTEM
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 SYSTEM BLOCK DESCRIPTION
3.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING AND RESULTS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The invention of electricity has also called for the invention of various tools and equipment for testing and detecting the presence of electricity flowing in a conductor or a wiring system George Claude in 1910 embark on a project of neon tester in attempt to provide a tool that will test for the presence of current in a live wire by the use of the neon bulb [1, 4, 7]. He further modifies this by designing a screw driver with an inbuilt neon bulb to light whenever current is flowing in a conductor. The current that flows through the metallic part is dropped down by a high resistor to a safe sub-mill ampere level. When the tip of the screw driver is connected to a live wire, there is small current that flow through the body of the individual carrying out the test to ground the tester and make the neon bulb to put on light indicating that there is supply of current to that point of the cable. The little limitation is that it can only test live wire when it make contact with it Donald Macadie, an engineer with the united post office (ups) in 1920s also embark on the project of multi-meter to solve the problem of most electrical measurement of which the test for voltage and electricity related test take the major part [5,6,7]. The multi-meter was designed to measure quantities such as alternating and direct current in ampere, alternating and direct voltage in volt, frequency in hertz, capacitance in farad, continuity test for open circuit and others. The multi meter has two probe usually the positive terminal as the red probe indicating live, also the negative terminal as the black probe indicating the ground or the neutral. In using the multi-meter either the analogue or the digital type to carry out any confirmatory test, the red probe is connected the live supply while the black probe is connected the ground. Corresponding deflection on the analogue multi-meter or an equivalent decimal digit displayed on the digital multi-meter indicates the presence of electricity in that wiring system. The limitation of multi-meter despite its numerous function test for open circuit will have to be carried out at various point of the conductor to check for open circuit whenever there is fault by making contact with the live wire, this makes it impossible for underground and conduit cable open circuit test.
During rainy season or in certain conditions, some electrical leakage may be happening in roadside electrical poles. People who are crossing this pole are affected when they are touching the pole. By using this proposed device, people will get alert before certain distance during their walk when they are crossing this kind of electrical poles. The proposed device has lot of potential usage and demand in the market. Based on the field of application, the device can be developed in different formats such as wearable model, pen type, and handheld device. The device has social responsibility in terms of saving human life from electrocution and is the motivation of this proposed work. Some of the potential areas are detailed below.
The proposed device can detect the presence of Power line placed inside a wall. Whenever, people doing alteration in houses, office, restaurants and etc., this device will help them to avoid the power lines, while making drill/ alterations in the wall. Some of the devices existing in the market are used to identify the AC live wires behind the walls, ceilings and floors.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Electrocution causes serious effect on human and animals and leads to dead some times. The Electrocution is one in all the main faced problems in forest areas and a few agricultural fields even among electricians. Especially Forest guards were getting affected because of Electrocution in rainy seasons and through invisible condition. Forest guards get electrocuted in Forest due to electrical power lines and some of them lose their life by touching the electrical lines directly or when there is a leakage in supply lines. To solve this problem is to find out the condition of a wire. To find the electrocution condition, a device has been developed. This proposed device will detect the electrical power lines and give the alert signal to the user.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to build a device will detect the electrical power lines and give the alert signal to the user. The objectives are:
- To save lives
- To reduce the level of electrocution
- To improve safety in the home or at work, a detection system of electrical wires that are usually hidden in the wall or floor has been developed.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This device was built around a decade counter (cd4017). When you hold the sensor (metallic conductor or copper wire) close to the live wire, electric field from mains activates the circuit which gives an indication via a buzzer or LED.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will throw more light on the best techniques for controlling the risk of electrocution. This study will also be designed to be of immense benefit to all the users of electricity especially in industries.
It will also serve as a guide to whoever that wants to work on electricity including power holding company Nigeria personnel.
Finally, it will also serve as a useful piece of information for both electricity distributors and consumers.
1.6 MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY
So many human and animal lives have been lost on electrocution due to direct or indirect contact with a live 220ac wire. In other to avoid this incidence this device was built. This device has the capacity of indicating when there is electric current flowing in a conductor from a distance without touching the live conductor. However, advantages discussed above were points that motivate the carrying out of this research work.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
- Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this cause me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
- Difficulty in parts gathering: I found it too difficult when gathering electronics parts used for the prototype because some parts were not sold in our local market.
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ELECTRIC SHOCK OVERVIEW
Electricity is the movement of electrons down a gradient, from high to low potential. The current (I), measured in amperes (A), can be thought of as the total amount of electrons moving down the gradient per unit of time. Voltage (V) is the potential differ- ence between the top and the bottom of the gradient, such as between 2 ends of a wire or the entrance and exit wounds on a patient with an electrical injury [8].
Resistance (R) is the obstruction of electrical flow by a material, and is important in electrical injury because current will tend to follow the path of least resistance, providing important clues about under- lying injury in particular types of electrical current exposure. Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Current can be alternating current (AC, switching between positive and negative flow) or direct current (DC, current flowing continuously in 1 direction).
An electric shock occurs when a person comes into contact with an electrical energy source. Electrical energy flows through a portion of the body causing a shock. Exposure to electrical energy may result in no injury at all or may result in devastating damage or death. Burns are the most common injury from electric shock [8].
2.2 ELECTRIC SHOCK CAUSES
Adolescents and adults are prone to high voltage shock caused by mischievous exploration and exposure at work. About 1,000 people in the United States die each year as a result of electrocution. Most of these deaths are related to on-the-job injuries.
Many variables determine what injuries may occur, if any. These variables include the type of current (AC or DC), the amount of current (determined by the voltage of the source and the resistance of the tissues involved), and the pathway the electricity takes through the body. Low voltage electricity (less than 500 volts) does not normally cause significant injury to humans. Exposure to high voltage electricity (greater than 500 volts) has the potential to result in serious damage [8].
If you are going to help someone who has sustained a high voltage shock, you need to be very careful that you don’t become a second victim of a similar electrical shock. If a high voltage line has fallen to the ground, there may be a circle of current spreading out from the tip of the line. Your best bet may be to call 911. The electric company will be notified so that the power can be shut off. A victim who has fallen from a height or sustained a severe shock causing multiple jerks may have a serious neck injury and should not be moved without first protecting the neck.
Children are not often seriously injured by electricity. They are prone to shock by the low voltage (110-220 volts) found in typical household current. In children aged 12 years and younger, household appliance electrical cords and extension cords caused more than 63% of injuries in one study. Wall outlets were responsible for 15% of injuries [8].
2.3 REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL TESTERS AND THEIR USES
Professional electricians use a variety of testers to check a wide range of electrical functions in residential and commercial electrical wiring, and Learning to identify these testers, understanding their functions, and learning how to use them will greatly expand your expertise when it comes to working on electrical wiring.
Some testers are multi-function devices that can perform most, if not all, of the common electrical testing duties, while others are single-function devices that test for a single function. Various electrical testers can be used to check voltage levels in both AC and DC circuits, to test for amperage, continuity, short circuits and open circuits, polarity and more [6].
Non-Contact Voltage Testers (Inductance Testers)
Non-contact voltage testers (also known as inductance testers) are probably the safest testers around, and they’re certainly the easiest to use. A non-contact tester allows you to check for voltage in wires or devices without you having to touch any wires or parts. The device is like a mini wand with a small tip on the end that senses voltage in such things as electrical wiring, outlets, circuit breakers, lamp cords, light sockets, and switches. You can get a reading simply by sticking the tip of the tester into an outlet slot or even touching the outside of a wire or electrical cable.
Inductance testers use a battery to power the device, and most models inform you of the voltage present with a red light at the tip of the tester as well as a buzzing sound. They come complete with a handy pocket clip so you can carry it close to your heart and always have it ready for safety purposes. The most basic of these tools provide simple “On-Off” information, indicating only if there is any voltage present or not. More sophisticated (and more expensive) types provide a rudimentary measurement of how much voltage is present, though the measurement is not nearly as precise as that offered by a multimeter or other voltage testers [5]
Neon Voltage Testers
Neon voltage testers, or neon circuit testers, are as simple as they come. They have a small body with a neon light inside and two short wire leads with a metal probe on each end. Neon voltage testers tell you only whether a voltage is present or not; they don’t tell you how much voltage is in a circuit. Unlike the non-contact voltage tester, this tool requires you to touch the circuit wires, screw terminals, or outlet slots with the wire probes. This device does not use a battery, making it a very dependable tool.
To use a neon voltage tester, simply touch one tester probe to a hot wire, screw terminal, or outlet slot, and touch the other probe to a neutral or ground contact. The small neon bulb in the tip of the tool will light up if there is current present. The tester can also verify if an outlet is properly grounded: If the tester lights up when the probes are inserted into the hot slot and neutral slots on the outlet, but fails to light up when the probe is moved from the neutral to the grounding slot, it means that the outlet is not properly grounded [6].
This is a very easy tool to use, but it should be handled with caution: If you accidentally touch either of the metal probes during a test—and there is voltage in the circuit—you can get a shock. Carefully hold the tool’s probes by the plastic casing when using a neon circuit tester.
Plug-In Circuit Analyzers
Plug-in circuit analyzers are inexpensive, easy-to-use testers that can tell you a great deal about the functions of an electrical circuit when you plug it into an outlet. These testers are designed to test ordinary electrical outlets, but only grounded outlets that have three slots. Older two-slot outlets cannot be tested with the testers because no ground wire is connected to these outlets. Two-slot outlets are best tested with a neon circuit tester.
Plug-in circuit analyzers have three neon lights that light up in different patterns to indicate specific test results. A chart sticker on the tester helps you interpret the light patterns. Different light combinations signify a correctly wired outlet, a reverse-wired outlet, an open circuit, and the presence or lack of a ground connection. Circuit analyzers have no batteries; they simply plug into the outlet to perform the test. The outlet must have power in order for the tester to work.
Continuity Tester
A continuity tester is a device that is powered by batteries and has a probe at one end and a cord with either an alligator clip or another probe at the other end. If you touch the two together, you complete a circuit and light is illuminated on the body of the tester, indicating a complete circuit. These testers are great for checking to see if something like a single-pole switch is working properly.
Unlike other testers, a continuity tester is always used when a circuit is turned off or on wiring or devices that are disconnected from the circuit. If you are using a continuity on a device attached to circuit wiring, always turn off the power to the circuit or device that you’re be testing. Or, disconnect the device entirely from the circuit wiring. It can be very dangerous to use a continuity tester on wiring that is carrying voltage.
Some electricians only use these tools to test devices that are entirely disconnected from circuit wiring. For example, the continuity tester offers a good way to see if lamp wiring is intact or if the inner mechanism on a disconnected switch is functioning properly. If a circuit has been turned off, a continuity tester also provides a method for checking wire runs to make sure that a circuit is complete. You can also use them to identify short circuits in wiring.
Multimeter
Multimeters are the most versatile of the electrical testers and, as the name implies, they are capable of many different testing functions. All professional electricians own one of these tools. Most multimeters can provide precise readings of resistance, AC and DC voltage, continuity, capacitance, and frequency. If you learn how to use all its functions, a multimeter can provide virtually all the information offered by all other testers.
Multimeters have a boxy body with a digital or analog readout, a dial for setting the test function (as well as voltage and various readout settings), and two long leads with metal probes at their ends. These testers range widely in quality and accuracy, so if you buy one, it makes sense to invest in a quality (more expensive) tool.
Solenoid Voltage Tester
Solenoid voltage testers, also known in the trade by the nickname “wiggies,” are also multi-function testers, but they are somewhat simpler and easier to use than the battery-operated multimeters. Both analog and digital models are available. Solenoid volt meters are capable of testing for both voltage and polarity. Electricians use them frequently because they can test both AC voltage and DC voltage in a range from 100 to 600 volts. Pros often prefer this tool over the multimeter for many applications, since it is very rugged and has no batteries to monitor. It is not, however, quite as accurate as a multimeter for providing a numerical measurement of how much voltage is present.
Solenoid testers have two wires, each with a probe, extending out of the bottom of the tester. Solenoid testers do not use batteries to power them, so they are always ready to check voltage. The announce the presence of voltage by clicking or vibrating—the louder the clicking or more pronounced the vibration, the higher the voltage level. They have a low impedance and often will trip ground-fault circuit-interrupter (GFCI) devices or circuit breakers during testing.
Digital Clamp Meter
A digital clamp meter is a tool normally used only by professional electricians. It combines the function of a multimeter with a current sensor, and is slightly more expensive than a multimeter. There are subtle differences in function between a multimeter and a clamp meter, but the most obvious one is that this tool features clamping jaws that can grip wire conductors. This makes the tool somewhat safer and easier to use in some applications, such as when working inside an open circuit breaker panel to test individual circuits. The tool also features wire leads that allow the tool to be used in the same manner as a standard multimeter.
The digital clamp meter is a specialty tool that few homeowners will need to own. In practice it offers functions similar to the multimeter, but its manner of use is most practical for professional electricians.
Wand Voltage Meter
A wand voltage meter is another specialty tester usually owned only by professional electricians. This is a numerical voltage tester that can work in two ways. The tool includes wire leads similar to those found in a neon voltage tester or multimeter, which can be used to measure voltage or continuity by touching the leads to bare wires or metal contacts. But the tool also has electrostatic wands that can detect and measure voltage simply by holding them in proximity to wires or metal contacts. For example, placing the wand ears around an NM cable will give a digital readout of the amount of voltage being carried.
2.4 LIVE WIRE DETECTION
For the system of voltage detection there are sort of available existing solutions in the market. These are voltage detecting devices that are found in the forest trees to attain any absorption of voltage to the source. The indeed there are such difficulties need to be resolved in the existing method .For a device available in the market in terms of voltage detection not affordable to the forest guards (or) other use sin terms of protection. As a fared device it cannot be caused anywhere on the other hand, it is not a waterproof which is a needed feature with no lifetime duration for a protective device in an existing method in a discussion live wire coverage these is no availability of more than 3 meters which is most hazards to any users. Some of the devices available in the market are available with multi functionalities such as detection of metal rebar, stud and AC live wire and one of the device available in market is shown in Fig.1. The existing commercial devices are work well and gives almost accurate prediction about AC live wire condition behind the wall.
Fig.1 Existing Live Wire Detector
Forest guards get electrocuted in Forest due to electrical power lines and some of them lose their life by touching the electrical lines directly or when there is a leakage in supply lines. The proposed idea detailed in this article had won the first prize in the hackathon conducted by World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nation in association with Atal Incubation Centre – Sri Krishna devaraya University (SKU) on 18-06-2019. Later, the basic model of the proposed work has been developed as per the requirements given by the officials of World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nation, Jabalpur on December 07-08, 2019 to help the Forest guards to get the alert whenever the live wire is nearby.
This proposed device will detect the electrical power lines and give the alert signal to the user. The proposed idea is to
- Develop as a low cost handheld/ wearable
- Detect the power lines before minimum distance of 15-17feet
- Give alert signal through buzzer and/or vibration unit to the user
- Use an Emergency lighting system to see the Power line in the path during night time
- Use an additional electronic circuit for battery power indicator
The objectives of the proposed device are
- To detect the live wire condition and give the indication to the user before certain distance of a walk
- To avoid the loss of a human life due to electrocution
- To detect the harmful radiation from high power lines (As per studies which may lead to blood cancer)
The proposed idea consists of a small device that can be attached to a walking stick/ patrolling stick or be carried in pocket/back packet or used as a wearable device that can generate an alarm sound when it detects a live wire (domestic power supply line) in the vicinity (maximum of 5m range).
2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM
It consists of electronic circuit with an aerial and sense the A.C. Power line through electromagnetic induction process. Counter IC used in this circuit will generate the output whenever the AC power line is nearby. The proposed electronic circuit will generate the sound through buzzer arrangement whenever a live wire condition is detected. Emergency lighting system is proposed as an additional option in wearable model structure. The additional electronic circuit has been proposed to detect the charging level of the battery (used to power the live wire detector).
The proposed work is to detect voltage in live wire with the help of live wire detector to save the front-line officers lives. The proposed system consists of battery level indicator and antenna that sensing the voltage in certain distance of 5-6 meters and it is working with help of counter IC and when the antenna is sensing the voltage in live wire is will give sound with the help of buzzer. Battery level indicator is mainly implanted in order to indicate the battery levels and percentage of battery is remained in the circuit. Battery level indicator is given with LED Strips which ensures each level of battery power. Boost converter is utilized in use to proper balance of voltage supply given to the circuit. Buzzer is vital role in circuit which alerts the user with high voltage decibel for detection of high voltage.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Before carrying out any project, the block diagram must be drawn and fully understood. Block diagram gives a pictorial understanding of any work. The block diagram of the system is as below:
Fig.1: 220 v live wire scanner
3.2 SYSTEM BLOCK DESCRIPTION
THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT: The power supply unit of this device consists of a direct current (dc) which is achieved by the use of a nine (9) volt cell battery.
THE ANTENNA UNIT: The antenna is connected linear by a feedback resistor placed at pin 14 of the 4017 decade. The antenna is designed by considering the copper wire of 22SWG by making more number of turns. The tail end of an antenna is connected to the CD 4017 at its pin 14.
COUNTER IC UNIT: Counter IC used in this circuit will generate the output whenever the AC power line is nearby.
LED/BUZZER: The proposed electronic circuit will generate the sound through buzzer arrangement whenever a live wire condition is detected. Emergency lighting system is proposed as an additional option in wearable model structure.
3.3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The proposed Live Wire Detector device consists of following major components namely
- Live wire detection using counter IC
- Antenna
- Battery
- LED
- Press switch
3.4 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig. 2: 220V Live Wire Scanner Circuit
3.4 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Presented here is a 220V live wire scanner. The clock input of the IC is connected to a wire, which acts as the sensor. Here, we have used 10cm length of 22SWG wire as the sensor.
When you hold the sensor (metallic conductor or copper wire) close to the live wire, electric field from mains activates the circuit. As the input impedance of the CMOS IC is high, the electric field induced in the sensor is sufficient to clock it. The output obtained at pin 11 of CD4017 drives the LED. Flashing of the LED (LED2) indicates the presence of mains, while LED1 indicates that the scanner is active.
The circuit can be used to find stray leakage from electrical appliances like fans, mixers, refrigerators, etc. It can be easily assembled on any general-purpose board or the discrete components can be directly soldered on the IC.
A 9V PP3 battery powers the circuit. If you use a mains adaptor, make sure that it is well regulated and isolated; otherwise, even the stray electric field from mains transformer will clock the circuit.
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
DECADE COUNTER
CD 4017 is a decade counter with ten 10 decoded output. In other words the logic IC contains a decoder that decodes the BCD Binary coded decimal into 10 data’s from 0 – 9.
Below is a diagram of a decade counter
RESISTORS
Resistors are widely used in most applications in electronics. They can be used in bias network and as feedback elements.
In combination with capacitors, they establish time constants and act as filters. They can be used to set signal levels.
Resistors are also used in power circuits to reduce voltages by dissipating power and to discharge capacitor after power is removed.
In logic circuits, they act as “pull – up” and pull down” resistors.
For a resistor to function as a “pull – up” resistor it means that it assigns a logic high ‘I’ to the terminal to which it is connected and for a “pull down’ resistor it assigns a logic low “0” to the terminal to which it is connected. This is because it (the pull down resistor) is usually grounded.
The resistor is a linear and passive device
R = V/I
RESISTOR DIGIT AND MULTIPLIER COLOUR CODE
| DIGIT | COLOUR | MULTIPLIER | NUMBER OF ZOROS |
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