detailed analysis of biogas constituents as an emerging technology of garbage to gas

Description

ABSTRACT

The critical reason for extensive climate change, resource exploitation, and limiting living standards of humans in developing countries like India is the increasing energy demand. The per-capita energy consumption is a great determinant cum indicator of economic development, economic prosperity and quality of life in most countries. Thus, finding alternative, clean and economical sources of energy has nowadays become a major concern due to the increasing prices of fossil fuels and taxes on energy sources. The present studies had focused on Biogas technology using garbage can be adopted as a substitute for conventional (firewood and cattle dung) energy requirements. Biogas has potential to meet the energy needs of the rural population, is based on renewable energy and can be utilized as an alternative for natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas. Anaerobic digestion of organic compounds can yield to value-added Biogas and is highly inflammable.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• REVIEW OF THE STUDY
• BIOGAS APPLICATIONS
• WASTE FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION
• BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY AND PRACTICES
• RECENT PROGRESS IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION
• SOURCES OF BIOGAS

CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN AND FABRICATION

• COMPONENTS USED

3.2      MATERIALS REQUIRED

3.3      TOOLS REQUIRED

3.4      PRODUCTION PROCESS

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0           EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                            BACKGOUND OF THE STUDY

The demand for fuel is increasing tremendously and also taxes are high on the various sources of energy. Therefore, the major concerns for households and nation’s economies are finding alternative clean and economical energy resources. In most of the countries, quality of life and economic prosperity are correlated to per-capita consumption of energy and that is a vital sign of economic development (Zhao et al., 2013). The living standards of humans are mainly restricted by excess resource exploitation and climate change (Zhao et al., 2013). Also, problems like global warming arising as energy is not consumed in a sustainable manner is a burning issue.

The applications of In-house Biogas digesters can help to tackle these menace. These digesters can prevent soil erosion, loss of agriculture lands, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and deforestation thus result in lower environment pollution. The GHG generated from burning fossil fuels like natural gas, oil and coal are the major responsible factors for global warming.

Thus, approach of Biogas technology that is environment friendly can reduce global warming issues. At rural scale they can improve socio-economic status and ensure environment protection. As compared to carbon dioxide the potential of methane to cause greenhouse effect is twenty one times higher. Therefore, as reduction of wastes as well as energy can be recovered from anaerobic digestion of solid wastes they can be termed as environment friendly techniques. Researchers have indicated that for 2.5 million population in Asia, the common traditional energy source was wood (Zhao et al., 2013) and in most developing countries the rural communities are bound to depend on dung, paraffin, firewood and crop residues etc., inspite of the fact that sometimes they can be time-consuming and expensive (Zhao et al., 2013). This is so as 90% of consumption of energy is required for cooking in most developing countries (Bioenergylists 2012) even after the access to electricity is relatively scarce in their rural areas. In rural areas mainly firewood and cattle dung are used as energy source and biogas has the potential to substitute these energy resources. Energy resources like liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas can be replaced by biogas and it is renewable energy resource. Thus, the scope of biogas technology is high in developing countries; however there is a challenge for scientists and engineers to device efficient domestic digesters with the materials available and simultaneously taking into account the economical and local considerations. Thus, there is a need of additional research and awareness to meet the changing energy needs.

The process of anaerobic digestion results in breakdown of organic wastes by the action of bacterias in an oxygen-free environment. The generated biogas is renewable energy CO2 neutral. Mainly, there are four basic steps of methane formation in anaerobic digestion process. These steps are hydrolysis followed by acidogenesis, acetogenesis and the final step is of methanogenesis. There are varieties of bacterias that act in a syntrophic relationship with each other to form methane. During the hydrolysis process complex carbohydrates, proteins and fats are first hydrolyzed to their monomeric forms. This hydrolysis is mainly carried out by bacterial cellulosome and exoenzymes. During the second step of acidogenesis the generated monomers are further degraded into short-chain acids like propionic acid, acetic acid, isovaleric acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, alcohols, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The third phase involves acetogenesis wherein short-chain acids conversion into acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide occurs. During the final step, conversion of produced intermediates into methane and carbon dioxide takes place by methanogens and approximately one-third of methane formation occurs mainly due to reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen (Zheng. et al., 2020). The production of biogas depends on various parameters like temperature, loading rate, C/N ratio, mixing, pH, substrate and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Biogas is highly inflammable and is produced during the organic matter digestion under anaerobic conditions. Biogas and digestate are the main produce from the digesters.

Biogas varies in composition of methane percentage ranging from 50-80% methane and rest as carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen sulfide. This chemical energy can in turn be converted into electrical energy and thus production of electricity is feasible. This biogas as fuel can result in a drastic decrease of regional emissions of methane and does not only produce less CO2 emissions per produced kWh but it also has been proven that it is environment friendly. The generated electricity from Biomass energy is often referred to as ‘Biopower’ (Zheng. et al., 2020). The type of biomass materials available and the scale of power generation decide the method for generating electricity for instance cattle manure can be best converted into biogas in an anaerobic digester. The generated biogas can be used to fuel an engine to generate electricity. There has been enormous increase in cost of carbon- based fuel and people in rural areas across world are experiencing financial crisis. Thus adoption of renewable energy is only remedy and most of under developed countries too face worst energy crisis. These countries should invest in renewable energy resources and take initiative to solve their energy issues (Zheng. et al., 2020).

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

The current irrational use of fossil fuels and the impact of greenhouse gases on the environment are driving research into renewable energy production from organic resources and waste. The global energy demand is high, and most of this energy is produced from fossil resources. Recent studies report that anaerobic digestion (AD) is an efficient alternative technology that combines biofuel production with sustainable waste management, and various technological trends exist in the biogas industry that enhance the production and quality of biogas. This work was carried out to study biogas constituents as an emerging technology of garbage to gas.

1.3                                    AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to carry out a detailed analysis of biogas constituents as an emerging technology of garbage to gas. The objectives are:

1. To provide an overview of biogas production from garbage, thus providing information toward crucial issues in the biogas economy.
2. To review means of solving energy challenge in the country

• To setup a portable biogas digester

1. To study the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the environment

1.4                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study covers analysis of different conversion procedures attempted across the globe. The resources of biogas production along with treatment methods are presented. The effect of different governing parameters like feedstock types, pretreatment approaches, process development, and yield to enhance the biogas productivity is highlighted. The study also focused on to generate Biogas and its measurement. In-house Biogas digester was designed to process domestic food wastes into biogas.

1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will provide a wider knowledge of how a biogas is been produced and the technologies involve in producing biogas. In this study, the reader shall be able to understand different technologies that are involved in producing biogas.