The Design And Construction Of Automatic Fence Light Controller

This project work is titled automatic fence light controller. The project, construction of automatic fence light controller was designed to trigger a relay to operate an AC lamp at Sunset. The lamp remains on till morning and then turns off. This eliminates the need of switching the fence lamp daily and also helps to light the premises of the house when the occupants are out of station.

The system makes use of light sensor to operate. The light sensor used is the ORP12 photocell. In bright light the resistance of the ORP12 can be as low as 80 ohm and at 50lux (darkness) the resistance increases to over 1M ohm. The 1M control should provide a wide range for light intensities, if not its value may be increased. The op-amp senses the voltage difference between pins 2 and 3. The control VR1 is adjusted so that the relay is off, the output of the op-amp will be around 2 Volts. When light falls, the resistance of the photocell increases and the difference in input voltage is amplified by the op-amp, the output will swing towards full supply and drive the transistor and relay. The 270k resistor provides a small amount of hysteresis, so that the circuit switches on and off with slightly different light levels. This eliminates relay chatter. Take great care if you decide to wire the relay to activate a mains lamp. Make sure the relay contacts provide adequate isolation and have ample rating for the load.

The very fundamental reasons behind this project assignment is to expose student to the very important aspect of private and independent research work not only theories but also subsequent translation of the theoretical research work into a particular function system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      Introduction

1.1      Application of project

1.2      Objective of the  project

1.3      Significance of the  project

1.4      Statement of problem

1.5      Scope and limitation of the project

1.6      Project organisation

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review

2.1      Review of history of security devices

2.2   review of different kind of security

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Construction

3.1      block diagram of the system

3.2      sectional description of the system

3.3      System operation

3.4     Circuit diagram

3.5      Parts list

3.6      description of major component used

CHAPTER FOUR 

Result analysis

4.0      Construction Procedure and Testing

4.1      Casing and Packaging

4.2      Assembling of Sections

4.3      Testing of System Operation

4.4      Cost Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      Conclusion

5.1      Recommendation

5.2      References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                    INTRODUCTION

1.1                                     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This project is titled the project construction of automatic fence light controller. An automatic fence light controller is an electro – electric device designed to trigger a relay to operate an AC lamp at Sunset. The lamp remains on till morning and then turns off. This eliminates the need of switching the fence lamp daily and also helps to light the premises of the house when the occupants are out of station [1].

Automatic fence light controller needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF when there is need for light. It detects itself whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value then automatically light is switched ON and when there is other source of light i.e. day time, the light gets OFF [1].

In this project we use light detecting resistor as a light sensor for detection of high level or low level of voltage to energise the relay coil which is used to interface the control circuit with the external light source.

Wastage of power is not desirable in any system. So it is very much economic to have this arrangement so that power is not wasted during day time where manual operation is not possible. Though, we can use it in our daily life for the betterment of our system [2].

1.2                                        PROBLEM  STATEMENT

Traditionally, a fence light which is a security light is switch ON in the night/dark hour and switch OFF in the morning by the occupant of the light, and sometime the occupant of the house will forgets to switch the light ON/OFF and this leads to waste of energy or leaving the environment in darkness. In order to solve this problem, an automatic fence light controller was designed. This device saves the occupant the labour of going to-and-fro and saves electric energy in that it switches ON the light during dark hours and switches OFF the light during daylight [2].

1.3                         APPLICATION  OF THE PROJECT

The main application of the automatic fence light controller is to control AC lamp of a fence light automatically, while the essence of fence light is to monitor the surrounding with the light at night.

1.4                               OBJECTIVE  OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to design and construct a device that can be used to trigger a relay to operate security AC lamp at Sunset. Want to build a circuit that will toggle a lamp of a fence light automatically. The article is meant exactly for the said purpose [1][2].

1.5                             SIGNIFICANCE  OF THE PROJECT

This study exposes me to the function and application of a light dependent diode resistor (LDR) or photo resistor, such as: (1) Photo-resistors come in many types. Inexpensive cadmium sulphide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, street lights, clock radios, alarm devices, outdoor clocks, solar street lamps and solar road studs, etc. (2)LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be used the measure the light intensity and the set the camera shutter speed to the appropriate level. (3)They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp or light emitting diode to control gain reduction and are also used in bed lamps, etc.

This work also exposed me to application of transistor such as using transistor as a switch and also application of a relay such as relay is also used as a switch as well to control load.

Finally, this work mostly exposed me to how to construct this system and also exposed me to know the applications of the system such as: is used to control a fence light automatically [3].

In industries, sound activated switch is used to control an alarm and time of danger when the security of any place in industries is needed, and also used to monitor intruders in any given environment by activating an alarm when the noise of the intruder gets to the microphone of the system.

1.6                           SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Wastage of power is not desirable in any system. So it is very much economic to have this arrangement so that power is not wasted during day time where manual operation is not possible. Though we can use it in our daily life also for the betterment of our system.

In the project we use light detecting resistor as a light sensor and an op-amp for detection of high level or low level of voltage to energize the RELAY coil which is used to interface the control circuit with the external light source. The relay controls ac lamps. And regulated 12V power supply was designed for this project [4][5].

1.7                                    PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to fence light controller. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of fence light controller were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of fence light controller. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.