Description
ABSTRACT
In three phase equipment’s, if supply voltage is low in any of the one phase and you if you wish to run all the equipment properly. This equipment will help you to rescue this situation. However proper rating fuse need to be used in three phase i.e. R, Y, and B inputs lines. Where the correct voltage is available that time. Other low voltage phase shift to correct voltage in same manner, to run all the equipment on the single phase in the building. The circuit consist of relay comparator, transformer resistor and other minor electronics components.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- STATEMENT OF PPROBLEM
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
2.2 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
2.3 REVIEW OF CAUSES OF POWER FAILURES
2.4 POWER SUPPLY RELIABILITY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 COMPONENTS LIST
3.6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING
4.4 ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT
4.5 PROJECT VIABILITY
4.6 PROJECT RELIABILITY
4.7 PROJECT MAINTAINABILITY
4.8 PROJECT EVALUATION
4.9 TESTING, TROUBLESHOOTING AND REMEDY
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria today the problems of power outage across phases is so rampant thus leading to some sensitive equipment and appliances being redundant, this could sometimes be the cause of one phase going out with respect to the other.
It may surprise one to note that in an attempt to solve this problems, so many unskilled electricity consumers has in recent past resorted to some crude means of swapping between phases to obtain power. So many souls have been lost in this act. This is an undesirable condition to consumers and the need now arises to design a device that can automatically select among the phases and make power supply available at the consumers terminal.
However, this can only be possible if one have a three phase met or and there is supply from any of the service line or the entire line, this project known as a three phase automatic phase selector has been constructed with a view of solving the problems stated above. The design and construction was based on the principle of Electro magneto-Dynamism and alignment as demonstrated in the contactor arrangement.
Among other components are the timers miniature-circuit breakers the contactors and indicator bulbs, the ease with which the device is operated is well elaborated to ensure simplicity effort were made to present a stop by step operation of the project. As much as there is no project without limitation and applications, we have as well dedicated a section of this paper to look into it.
In order to ease the effort of technicians in restoring the devices should there be any malfunction associated.
Faults and how they are cleared is presented, however, there are no user serviceable parts in the device therefore all maintenance should be referred to a qualified electrical personnel.
In this system, If any one or two phases in a 3-phase supply interrupted/goes low and you want equipment to work on normal voltages then this circuit will give solution. This system is designed to monitor the presence of supply to the three phases and to display condition of each phase on an LCD.
The project described here being also a micro-controller based project used for automatic phase changer. The use of micro-controller in this project is used to store the data, process data and change data according to the user requirement. This is possible because micro-controller has CPU, memory, I/O ports, timer/counters, ADC/DAC, serial ports, interrupt logic, oscillator circuitry, and many more functional blocks on single chip. Hence it reduces the cost of hardware.
Also there is no need to connect external RAM for memory storage. This is the most important feature of micro-controller. There are various types of micro-controller available in market. The examples are Intel MCS-51, PIC family by microchip, Atmel 89cxx, 89cxx51. The micro-controller used for this project is Atmel 89c52. Now a days many times out of three phases one of the phase cut’s off and the circuit breaker trips at that time the MSEB Operator has to operate it manually by turning on the at the time of office hours at that time the hooter shouts and gives us an alert. Keeping in mind the day to day life of human being, the circumstances which occur due to power instability issues we decided to design such a system which would overcome this issues ultimately and help to reduce human efforts too. Secondly in order to overcome the various phase change issue and avoid damages in industries and automation area plus hospitals & airports
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Phase selector is a system that is capable of comparing three phases and switching automatically to any of the three phases. The system consists of three main parts namely; the transformer, comparators (which is the brain of the system) and electrical switching device (relay).
The transformer used here is the step down type of transformer (it step down 240v to 12v) and these transformer is feed in with different phase voltage, rectified and smooth. Then fed in to a voltage regulator that has positive output. The regulator outputs were connected to comparators. Here the comparators are three in number. We call the comparators the brain of the system because these comparators are connected in a way that each of them will give out an output.
The relay in the system is where the output voltage is connected. In this project we even went as far as using pictures for illustration of some components.
1.2 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to provide uninterruptible power supply for single phase loads even in the failure of one or two phases in a three phase system using micro-controller. The objectives include:-
- To develop a simple low cost device aimed at easing the prevalent burden faced by delicate offices, parastatals and institutions who need very low but constant power supply. Since supply is always on along the distribution lines
that supply such sites, what pesters on the progress of work thereof is always the unwarranted trip of phases due to power usage from neighboring consumers. The automatic phase selector therefore, erases this setback form the face of progress of work in such offices.
- To stimulate the interest of upcoming students to take up research not only in their field of study “Electrical/Electronic Engineering” but also to extend their arms to other disciplines, thus enhancing the versatility of Electrical/Electronic Engineering.
iii. To create awareness that will stimulate the interest of fellow students who intend to take up research topic on automatic switch of any type.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Industries require three phases power to run their machinery. Some of them require continuous \ uninterrupted power to maintain their data. Auto phase selector unit for those equipment whose supply is single phase. The single phase supply is selected automatically from three phases supply.
Auto Phase Selector introduces an automatic solution to overcome power fluctuation \ phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment.
This project will provide lasting solutions to the heavy losses incurred by commercial institution, industries, hospitals, airport etc caused by poor manual selector means and efficient switching facilities. It will also be of use in our household because poor selector of phase manually causes damage to our household equipment example electronics like television, radio, video player etc and electrical appliances like refrigerator, air condition, fans just to mention but a few. Finally another target is to eliminate the loss of human life due to manual selection of the three phases.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In every home, office or industries, automatic phase selector plays a vital role, that is, It provides a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:
- Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
- Difficulty in connecting the output without the three phases short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
- Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required..
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This work covers only a three phase automatic phase selector which can only be used for providing a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase. Owning to the nature of this project, the research centers and the resources were not easy to come by within the immediate environment. Some of the limitation encountered on the course of this project include financial and time constrains which did not really take much room for additional capacity beyond what is at hand.
1.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Applications of this project are as below:
- Small and Medium Scale Industries
- Residential Apartments.
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to phase selector. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of phase selector were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of phase selector. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
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