Description
ABSTRACT
Concrete is always valuable product in construction industry. The concrete ingredients are cement, coarse aggregate, and water. Nowadays there is a scarcity of concrete materials, so we are in need to find out the alternative materials to concrete. In this situation we should utilize the larger amount of waste products which is available. For example plastic wastages, agriculture wastages, rise husk ash etc,
This experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the strength of concrete, in which cement was replaced from 0% to 10% percentage with ground nut shell ash (GSA).Test were conducted on Fresh concrete testes for M20 concrete using IS method.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDY
CHAPTER THREE
- METHODOLOGY overview
3.2 BLOCK REPRESENTATION OF THE WORK
3.3 CONCRETE MATERIALS
3.4 PREPARATION OF GROUNDNUT SHELL ASH(GSA)
3.5 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE CUBES
3.6 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GROUNDNUT SHELL ASH(GSA)
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The continuous increase in the price of Portland cement is attributed to the insufficient production rate of the raw materials when compared with the demand rate in the construction industries. Due to increasing industrial and agricultural activities, tones of waste materials are deposited in the environment with little effective method of waste managing or recycling. Some of these deposits are not easily decomposed and the accumulation is a threat to the environment and people at large. Some of these waste materials are rice husks, maize combs, snail shells, palm-kennel shell, coconut shell, saw dust, groundnut shell etc.
Ground nut shell ash was partially used cement in concrete. Thus, the possible use of agriculture waste (such as Ground nut shell ash-GSA) will considerably reduce the cost of construction and as well as reduce or eliminate the environmental hazards caused by such waste.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water and chemical admixtures. Concrete is presently one of the most popular materials used in building construction and other civil engineering works. It is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding either steel reinforcing bars, steel fibres, glass fibre, or plastic fibre to carry tensile loads. Thereafter, the concrete is reinforced to withstand the tensile loads upon it.
In Nigeria, like other developing countries, the housing shortage problem is assuming increasing dimensions with the consistent increase in the cost of building materials and this has limited the proportion of Nigerians who can afford to build their own houses to about 25% based on the report of the Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute [1987].
The major component of concrete is cement which is defined as adhesive substances capable of uniting fragments or masses of solid matter to a compact whole, Ghosh [1983]. Cement functions by forming a plastic paste when mixed with water, which develops rigidity (sets) and steadily increases in compressive strength (hardness) by chemical reaction with the water (hydration). When a material increases in strength even when stored under water after setting it, the material is said to be hydraulic, Lea [1970]. Over the years, the price of cement has been increasing, to the extent that the material is now beyond the reach of persons in the low and medium income groups and it is also making it increasingly difficult for governments in developing countries to meet the construction requirements of their housing development plans.
The continuous increase in the price of cement has geared researchers to investigate the viability of some pozzolanic materials as substitutes, which would be used as partial replacement for cement and lower in cost to cement, so that more people can afford to build their houses. Various research works in the recent past had look into the utilization of agricultural wastes that are known to be pozollanas to partially replace cement that is the major component of concrete. Okpalla [1987] showed that at 40% partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash (RHA) produced a concrete with the same strength as plain ordinary Portland cement concrete concrete. Kolawole and Mbachu [1998] examined the influence of coarse aggregate on the drying shrinkage and elastic moduli of concrete with OPC partially replaced with RHA.
Results showed that OPC/RHA concrete cast with quarry granite as coarse aggregate exhibited the least drying shrinkage over time and also gave the highest values of elastic moduli when compared with river gravel. On high performance concrete incorporating rice husk ash as a supplementary cementing material, Malhotra and Zhang [1996] reported that rice husk ash concrete had excellent resistance to chloride ion penetration and higher compressive strengths at various ages up to 730 days compared with that of the control concrete.
The partial replacement of cement with groundnut shell ash in concrete production is a welcome development especially in Nigeria. Groundnut shell is an agricultural waste obtained from milling of groundnut. Nigeria contributes about 7 percent of world groundnut production which makes Nigeria the 3rd largest producer of groundnut in the world. In Nigeria, the leading producing states include Niger, Kano, Jigawa, Zamfara, Kebbi, Sokoto, Katsina, Kaduna, Yobe, Adamawa, Borno, Taraba, Plateau, Nasarawa, Bauchi, Gombe and Kwara. It is estimated that over 2million hectares are planted to groundnut in Nigeria [NAERLS, 2010]. The cost of groundnut shell ash when compared with cement is very low due to the availability of groundnut shell in large quantities as agricultural farm wastes. The utilization of groundnut shell will promote waste management at little cost, reduce pollution by these waste and increase the economic base of the farmer when such waste are sold thereby encourage more production.
Moreso, groundnut shell ash production required less energy demand compared with cement production and safe the needed foreign exchange spent on importation of cement or its constituents. The main objective of this study is to investigate the suitability of groundnut shell ash as partial replacement for cement in concrete production. It is expected that these materials would give reasonable results such that an optimum result of their combination for concrete production will be obtained.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This study is aiming at replacing groundnut shell ash as partial replacement of cement.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The continuous increase in the price of cement has geared researchers to investigate the viability of some pozzolanic materials as substitutes, which would be used as partial replacement for cement and lower in cost to cement, so that more people can afford to build their houses. Various research works in the recent past had look into the utilization of agricultural wastes that are known to be pozollanas to partially replace cement that is the major component of concrete. Okpalla [1987] showed that at 40% partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash (RHA) produced a concrete with the same strength as plain ordinary Portland cement concrete concrete. Kolawole and Mbachu [1998] examined the influence of coarse aggregate on the drying shrinkage and elastic moduli of concrete with OPC partially replaced with RHA.
1.4 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
An investigation into the development of an alternative binder from pozzolanic waste materials (slag, RHA, POFA) is significant as can be seen by the following aspects. Recently, the utilization of pozzolanic materials in cement and concrete has increased considerably due to their diverse benefits such as less cement use, saving production costs, improvement of the durability properties of the concrete and so on. Pozzolans are fine materials that contain silica and/or alumina. They do not exhibit any cementation properties of their own except in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Silica and alumina in pozzolans also react and form cementitious materials [13]. POFA is one of the pozzolanic materials that contains a moderate percentage of silicon dioxide and has high potential to be used as a cement replacement material.
Groundnut shell ash, cement and their combinations are used as soil stabilizers in various percentages to improve the strength of locally available highly compressible clay soil. The effect of stabilizer in improving the strength of the soil is evaluated through change in consistency limits, compaction characteristics, undrained cohesion and modulus of elasticity. The durability characteristics of stabilised soil were studied based on the improvement of undrained shear strength for various days of curing by increasing the percentage of cement. Stabilised soil showed satisfactory improvement in strength and consistent durability characters. Groundnut shell ash and cement increased the optimum moisture content. There was a slight decrease in the dry density and modulus of elasticity of soil. These can be used as a viable economic alternative in construction of roads and for stabilising soil acting as bearing medium. The use of groundnut shell ash, an agricultural waste, helps in waste management and promotes sustainable development of local construction industry.
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
RHA= rice husk ash
OPC= ordinary Portland cement
POFA=palm oil fuel ash
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