Description
ABSTRACT
This study focus on the analysis of the effect of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs. It is caused by a bacterial microorganism, the tubercle bacillus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although TB can be treated,cured,andcan be prevented if persons at risktakecertaindrugs,scientistshavenevercomeclose to wiping it out.
In order to maintain a healthy environment for people of delta state, government of the state seeks to assure that the state is free from tuberculosis. In carryout the study, a questionnaire was designed and administered to doctor from different hospital from the three different local governments in delta state. The data collection were analyzed and interpreted.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- CAUSES OF TUBERCULOSIS
- SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TUBERCULOSISDESCRIPTION OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
- REVIEW OF WORLD PUBLIC HEALTH EFFORTS
- TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS
- SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS
- HOW TUBERCULOSIS INFECTED HUMAN
- REVIEW OF TREATMENT FOR TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS VACCINE USED IN MANY COUNTRIES
- TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- THE EFFECTS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS ON LUNGS
- EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS ON BONE AND JOINT
- EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS ON BONES
- EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS BRAIN
- EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PREGNANCY
- EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS ON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
- AN OVERVIEW
- AS AFOREMENTIONED
- SAMPLE USED
- METHOD OF INVESTIGATION.
- PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
- POPULATION OF THE STUDY
- SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can affect several organs of the human body, including the brain, the kidneys and the bones; but most commonly it affects the lungs (Pulmonary Tuberculosis). The first stage of the infection usually lasts for several months. During this period, the body’s natural defenses (immune system) resist the disease, and most or all of the bacteria are walled in by a fibrous capsule that develops around the area. Before the initial attack is over, a few bacteria may escape into the bloodstream and be carried elsewhere in the body, where they are again walled in. In many cases, the disease never develops beyond this stage – and is referred to as TB infection. If the immune system fails to stop the infection and it is left untreated, the disease progresses to the second stage, active disease. There, the germ multiplies rapidly and destroys the tissues of the lungs (or the other affected organ). In some cases, the disease, although halted at first, flares up after a latent period. Sometimes, the latent period is many years, and the bacteria become active when the opportunity presents itself, especially when immunity is low.
The second stage of the disease is manifested by destruction or “consumption” of the tissues of the affected organ. When the lung is affected, it results in diminished respiratory capacity, associated with other symptoms; when other organs are affected, even if treated adequately, it may leave permanent, disabling scar tissue.
1.2 BACKGROUND OG THE STUDY
Tuberculosis or TB (short for tubercle bacillus), in the past also called phthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, or consumption, is a widespread, and in many cases fatal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough, sneeze, or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of those so infected.
One-third of the world’s population is thought to have been infected with M. tuberculosis, and new infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2007, an estimated 13.7 million chronic cases were active globally, while in 2013, an estimated 9 million new cases occurred. In 2013 there were between 1.3 and 1.5 million associated deaths, most of which occurred in developing countries. The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2006, and new cases have decreased since 2002. The rate of tuberculosis in different areas varies across the globe; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries tests positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the United States population tests positive. More people in the developing world contract tuberculosis because of a poor immune system, largely due to high rates of HIV infection and the corresponding development of AIDS.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Tuberculosis is fatal contagious disease that can affect almost any part of the body but is mainly an infection of the lungs. It is caused by a bacterial microorganism, the tubercle bacillus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although TB can be treated, cured, and can be prevented if persons at risk take certain drugs, scientists have never come close to wiping it out. Few diseases have caused so much distressing illness for centuries and claimed so many lives.
The objective of the this study is to analyse how tuberculosis affect the major parts of the body in Warri North, Sapele, Oshimili South local government in delta state.
1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The fundamental problem of tuberculosis is the uncertain and unsafe atmosphere in three local government in the state, problem caused by the sickness are very many and deadly. Any time the struck may lead to death of the affected person if proper care is not taken.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
– To find out the actual causes of tuberculosis.
– Identify the effect of the sickness on human body.
– to find out how it can be taken care of.
– It is to draw government attention on how to find a lasting solution to the problem in the three local governments.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
All research works are aimed at finding solution to already existing problem. This study will help to expose the effect of tuboerculosis. However, this study will help to identify other areas of research interest.
1.7 CAUSES OF TUBERCULOSIS
The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly “Gram-positive” or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory.
Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called “sputum”), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus (AFB). The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain, which dyes AFBs a bright red that stands out clearly against a blue background, and the auramine-rhodamine stain followed by fluorescence microscopy.
The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa.[29][30] M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has largely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti is also rare and is mostly seen in immunodeficient people, although the prevalence of this pathogen has possibly been significantly underestimated.
Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. leprae, M. avium, and M. kansasii. The latter two species are classified as “nontuberculous mycobacteria” (NTM). NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause pulmonary diseases that resemble TB.
1.8 SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS
According to the doctors consulted from the three different hospital of delta state, the primary stage of the disease may be symptom-free, or the individual may experience a flu-like illness. In the secondary stage, called active disease, there might be a slight fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue and various other symptoms, depending on the part of the body affected. Tuberculosis of the lung is usually associated with a dry cough that eventually leads to a productive cough with blood-stained sputum. There might also be chest pain and shortness of breath. This secondary stage, if affecting the lungs, is the contagious stage – when the bacteria can be spread to others.
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