Description
ABSTRACT
Road safety is a key issue and has a considerably important consideration worldwide. Road accidents have caused serious economic and social hazards. Therefore, analyzing alignment consistency can significantly improve its safety performance. This paper aims to briefly review the effect of the alignment elements on road safety from previous studies. It is including to explain the statistical models used to evaluate the impact of road alignment on road safety. The important findings found that linear regression and Poisson regression were commonly used in previous studies to disclose the effect of independent variables on road safety. Meanwhile, Negative Binomial Regression was commonly used to high light the relation between horizontal alignment and accident rate. The results from the statistical models also can be concluded that by improving the road alignment it is possible to the road accidents.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF ROAD ALIGNMENT
- REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDIES
- SAFETY DURING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
- ROAD CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- FACTORS TO VEHICULAR CRASHES
- ROAD PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ROAD SAFETY
CHAPTER FOUR
- THE CONCEPT OF “TOLERANCE OF ROAD SIDE DESIGN”
- THE “POSITIVE GUIDANCE” APPROACH IN ROAD
- SOME FINDINGS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (IRAP)
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The roads are considered to be as a main artery of any state that plays an important role in determining the economic, culture and policy. If these roads are not designed and not implemented with the help of perfect research can led to the cause of an irreparable damage to the individual, environment and property.
Road accidents represent a serious problem among other global hazards world- wide by inflicting undesirable effects on socio-economic aspects of the countries and their development. A report by World Health Organization (W HO) revealed that traffic accidents have caused the death of more than 1.25 million people each year which indicated that low- and middle-income countries have recorded 90% of the world’s fatalities on the roads WHO (2019). Most of the world traffic engineers perceived that the driver is the major cause of road accidents. All the causes of un- known accidents, which were reported by the police patrols, were attributed to drivers. GWC Injury Lawyers (2018) showed that when police are called for completing Illinois Traffic Report to specify a car accident, the driver supposed to be more at fault for the incident would normally be listed as Unit 1. However, that police report does not inevitably present an absolutely accurate picture of the accident. Generally, the responding officer will not have witnessed the crash itself. As a substitute, that officer will be piecing jointly what happened based on the statements of the drivers involved. Besides, the road environment such as horizontal and vertical alignment also actually could cause road accidents. Road alignment is placed of special interest due to the higher risk of traffic accident also additional centripetal forces exerted on a vehicle, driver exceptional and other factors. Therefore, this paper aims to review and highlight the findings and conclusions of previous studies on the impact of geo- metric design on road accident (Hummer et al., 2010).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The road accidents impose serious problems to the society and the costs of road accidents to individuals, society and property are significant. In addition to this there are considerable costs which are related to road accidents like human costs, medical costs that are related to road accident injuries, costs of damage to property and vehicles, administrative and police costs and insurance costs as per the survey of Department For Transport (2011).
The safety parameter is considered during the highway design by most of the researchers mainly because of its importance. Till now various studies are being performed that are related to the factors leading to accident. Among those the most important factors in creating accidents can be referred to as environmental, road, drivers, vehicle and traffic factors from the already existing theories.
The optimal alignment to choose highway candidate is determined especially when the parameters mentioned above are assessed simultaneously. Most elaborative researches have been carried out so far in order to determine the optimal alignment throughout the world that has led to the emergence of many different types of algorithms and models. This current study examines the literature on both the methods that are involved in determining the optimal candidate needed for highways and the factors that are related to road safety.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this study is to carry out a research on effect of factors on road alignment base on safety and accidents.
The objectives are:
- To understand effect of factors on road alignment
- Study Road safety parameter during the highway design
- Factors leading to accident
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This paper provides an overview of effect of factors on road alignment. It also provides an insight to the related factors for highway alignment optimization, especially with the main focus on the safety characterization. Until now various studies have been performed that are related to the factors leading to an accident. The factors responsible in creating accidents are referred to the environmental, road, drivers, vehicles and traffic factors. Moreover each character is considered to be only in the optimization range of highway alignment with a rational process in this paper. It is also found that more safety parameters in road alignment should be investigated together before determining the optimal one provided that much research has been carried out in this area, but due to the expansion of human needs it is very important to carry out researches for reducing the cost and losses that are related to safety aspects like fatal and injury accidents in the new highways.
1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-
- Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
- Financial Constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet).
- Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will throw more light on the causes of accident on highway during road alignment. This study will also be useful in studying factors affecting road traffic safety, road alignment characteristics which are often ignored by people because they cause traffic accidents in an indirect way.
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.
1.7 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
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