Description
ABSTRACT
Water is essential to life and health; however, more than one billion people worldwide do not have access tosafe drinking water (WHO, 2000). Waterborne diseases have been estimated to cause more than two milliondeaths and four billion cases of diarrhea annually (WHO, 2000). Thisworked aimed at isolating andidentifying microorganism from the tap and rain water in UDUTH hostel with possible way of treatment usingboth conventional antibiotics and plants extracts. Sample were collected from UDUTH hostel, five serialdilutionsweredoneandcultured,thevisiblecolonieswerecountedandsubcultured.Slantbottlesweremade,the isolates were identified by Gram staining and biochemical tests. After identification the isolates weretestedforantibacterialsusceptibilitytestusingbothconventionalantibioticsandplantsextracts(Vernoniaamygdalina& Allium sativumextracts). FollowingGram staining and biochemical tests, 50% ofthe isolates were accounted for E.coli, 33% were Staph.aureus, and only 17% of the isolates were Klebsiellaspp.Theisolateswerefoundtobesusceptibletofouroftheantibioticsused(Ofloxacin,Ciprofloxacin,Gentamacin and Streptomacin) and resistant to twoof the antibiotics (Nalixidic acid andAmpicillin).Theisolateswerealso sensitivetotwoplantextracts used at variable strength.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- WATER
- IMPORTANCE OF WATER
- ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY
- WATER AS AN ESSENTIAL COMMODITY
- HUMAN USES OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES
- QUALITYOFBOREHOLEWATER
- VARIATIONSINBOREHOLEWATERQUALITY
- QUALITY OFWATERANDHEALTH
- WATERQUALITYSTANDARDS
- QUALITYOFDRINKINGWATER
CHAPTER THREE
- MATERIALSAND METHOD
3.1 MATERIAL USED
3.2 METHOD
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULT
4.2 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUNDOFTHESTUDY
An adequate supply of safe drinking water is one of the major prerequisites for a healthy life, but waterborne diseases is still one of the causes of death in many parts of the world, particularly in children. It is also a significant economic constraint in many subsistence economic.
Water can be described as a substance upon which every living creative depends on for survival. As human beings water is so essential for day to day activities to such an extent that we cannot get anything done without water.
Drinking water is derived from two basic sources-surface waters, such as rivers, and reservoirs and underground water. Procedure to produce safe potable water was developed in the 19th century, when it became clear that many serious epidemic were related to contaminated water. All water contain natural contaminants, particularly inorganic contaminants that arise from the geological strata through which water flows and to a varying extent, anthropogenic pollution by both microorganism and chemicals.(Awake Magazine, 2011)
Water sources may become contaminated by enteric pathogens i.e. coliform group due to natural activities or human activities. About 75% of worldwide communicable diseases are water borne(Shenjgiet al., 2004).
World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 80% of all human diseases in developing countries are caused due to infected water consumption. While assessing microbial quality of drinking water, there are often present very low numbers of microorganisms. Water may also contain chemical substances and pathogenic microorganisms(Karnwal, 2017).
Itisa microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the concentration of bacteria. It is then possible to draw inferences about the suitability of the water for use from these concentrations. This process is used, for example, to routinely confirm that water is safe for human consumption or that bathing and recreational waters are safe to use. The interpretation and the action trigger levels for different waters vary depending on the use made of the water. Whilstvery stringent levels apply to drinking water, more relaxed levels apply to marine bathing waters, where much lower volumes of water are expected to be ingested by users. The common feature of all these routine screening procedures is that the primary analysis is for indicator organisms rather than the pathogens that might cause concern. Indicator organisms are bacteria such as non-specific coliforms,Escherichia coli and Pseudomonasaeruginosa that are very commonly found in the human or animal gut and which, if detected, may suggest the presence of sewage. Indicator organisms are used because even when a person is infected with a more pathogenic bacterium, they will still be excreting many millions times more indicator organisms than pathogens. It is therefore reasonable to surmise that if indicator organism levels are low, then pathogenlevelswillbeverymuchlowerorabsent.Judgmentsastosuitabilityofwaterforusearebasedonveryextensive precedents and relate to the probability of any sample population of bacteria being able to be infective at a reasonable statistical level of confidence.
Water is essential to life, an adequate, safe and accessible supply must be available to all. Improving access to safe drinking-water can result in significant benefits to health.Every effort should be made to achieve a drinking water quality as safe as possible. Many people struggle to obtain access to safe water. A clean and treated water supply to each house may be the norm in Europe and North America, but in developing countries,access to both clean water and sanitation are not the rule, and waterborne infections are common. From these, more that 50% are microbial intestinal infections, with cholera standing out in the first place. In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with in gestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal feces. Waste water discharges in fresh waters and costal sea waters are the major source offecal microorganisms,including pathogens. A cute microbial diarrhea diseases area major public health problem in developing countries (Cabral,2010).
Water is considered a vehicle for the propagation and dissemination of human associated bacteria. Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right and if contaminated with opportunistic pathogenic environmental bacteria, it may have health implications for consumers. Human health should therefore be protected by preventing microbial contamination of water that is intended for consumption. In rural communities, untreated surface water from rivers,dams, and streams is directly used for drinking and other domestic purposes. These unprotected water sources can be contaminated with microbes through rainfall run- off and agricultural inputs, mixing with sewage effluents and faeces from wild life, which render them unacceptable for human consumption. Faecal coliforms, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas, are used as indicators of faecal contamination in water and the presence of these pathogens may have severe health implication son consumers especially those that are immuno compromised (Mulamattathiletal.,2014).
Major factors affecting microbiological quality of surface waters are discharges from sewage works and runoff from in formal settlements. Indicator organisms are commonly used to assess the microbiological quality of surface waters and faecal coliforms (FC)are the most commonly used bacterial indicator of faecal pollution (Antony &Renuga,2012).
Additionally,water quality is known to be affected by increased microbial pollution under extreme weather conditions (climate change) and requires more systematic studies. Monitoring objectives consist in directly targeting the sources of contamination, by using simple and rapid indicators but are mainly focused on parameters such asfaecal bacteria (E. coli or Enterococci). Enteric viruses, that play a major role in water borne diseases, are rarely investigated due to the detection limits of commonly applied methods(Cannetal.,2014).
Surface water bodies are presumed to be more vulnerable to fecal contamination than ground water reservoirs due to the absence of natural soil protection and filtration and the possibly short distances between the occurrence of contamination and water extraction. For this reason monitoring microbiological raw water quality is an essential component of the protection strategy in catchment areas of surface drinking water reservoirs (Kistemannet al., 2002).Water is susceptible to contamination with microorganisms and organic matter among other pollutants regardless of the source. Significantly,microbial contaminants such as coliforms,E.coli,Cryptosporidiumparvum,andGiardialambliacompromisethesafetyofthewater.PresenceofEscherichiacoli,Klebsiella,and Enterobacterspecies in water is a likely indicator of the presence of pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium pafringens,Salmonella,and Protozoa(Onyangoet al.,2018).
Most of diseases in human beings are caused due to unhygienic water supplies used for drink purpose that cause infection likedy sentery,diarrhea,cholera,typhoidetc. Currently about 20% world population scarcity of safe drinking water and >5 million people die every year from illness associated with drinking water due to in adequate sanitation (Karnwal,2017).
It is argued that especially in the case of heavy rainfall the microbial loads of running waters may suddenly increase substantially and reach reservoir bodies very quickly (Kistemannetal.,2002).Two and a half billion people have no access to improved sanitation, and more than 1.5 million children die each year from diarrhea diseases.AccordingtotheWHO,themortalityof water associated diseases exceeds 5 million people peryear(Cabral,2010).
As far as possible, water source must be protected from contamination by human and animal waste, which may contain bacterial, protozoa npathogens and helm in the sparasites (Ahmed, 2005).The success of the water and sanitation decadence is largely depending on people becoming a ware of the relationship that exists between health,water,hygiene and sanitation. Bacterial contamination of water can be a serious problem .Water testing is the only way to evaluate whether bacteria is present in a water supply. This work emphasized the urgent need in the continuous monitoring of the water purification performance,including the evaluation of the effectual treatment of both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria using both antibiotic discs and plant extracts.
The aim of this study is to isolate and identify micro-organism in borehole and rain water in UDUTH hostelSokoto and thepossiblewayoftreatmentusingbothconventionalantibioticsandplantsextracts(Vernoniaamygdalina&Alliumsativum extracts).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Public water supply in the area under study is grossly inadequate and the inhabitants have been compelled to depend on private borehole water supply whose quality is doubtful. Consumption of such water can cause water borne diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (salmonellosis) as most of the enteric diseases are transmitted through water. Other principal microbial water borne diseases include cholera, bacillary dysentery(shigellosis) and infectious hepatitis. Preliminary investigation in the study area indicates that there are many reported cases of these enteric diseases in the health centers. The consequences of these enteric diseases are that the quality of life in the area (Geidam Town) is low and apparent low human production.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to isolate and identify micro-organism in borehole and rain water in UDUTH hostel. To achieve the above stated aim, the objectives are to:
- Identify and locate the sites of borehole and rain water supply sources in Geidam Town;
- Compare the quality of bore hole and rain water supply sources with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv.) drinking water standards.
- examine the levels of variations in water quality between the two sources of water supply in the study area
- examine the implications of the findings in water supply; and
- suggest measures for maintaining acceptable quality of portable water supply in the area under study
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will help ascertain the quality of borehole and rain water (from the reservior) supply sources consumed in the study area, and will also help in solving the problems of water related issues. The study will serve as a guide for borehole and rain water development in the area and beyond.
1.5 SCOPE OF THIS STUDY
The scope of this study covers the isolation and identification of water samples from the borehole and rain water supply sources to ascertain their quality and suitability for drinking and other domestic purposes.The variations in the quality of the two sources of water supply in the area and implications of the findings in water supply will also be covered in the study.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
An evaluation of the bacteriological quality of drinking water in the present study confirmed the presence of E.coli,Staph.aureus and Klebsiella spp. The isolates were tested for antibacterial activity test where all the isolates found to be susceptible to four antibiotics used comprising of Of loxacin Ciprofloxacin, Gentamacin and Streptomy cin10 ugrespectively. However, the siolates were found to be relatively resistant to two of the antibiotics used comprisingofAmpicillinandNalixidicacid.ItalsofoundthatVernoniaamygdalina was sensitive against the isolates at a concentration of 35mg/ml, whereas Allium sativum exert antibacterial activity at a concentration of 25-35mg/ml.
RECOMMENDATION
The presence of large number of E.coli and staph.aureus makes the water to be unsafe for human consumption as such regular monitoring of the microbial quality of water,sanitation and water treatment should be conducted from time to time, to minimize health risk resulting from the consumption of such contaminated water,appropriate treatment processes should therefore be utilized for disinfection of ground water for quality and safe food processing and drinking water. The reservoir (where rain water is stored)should be covered to reduce the risk of contamination of the water, the pipes should be checked periodically for leakage and corrosion that could also contribute in the contamination of the water.Unhygienic acts should be avoided around the reservoir such as washing to avoid diffusion of the wastewater in to the reservoir. The taps should be at least 100cm away from latrine to avoid cross contamination, like in reservoir, taps should be checked periodically for leakage and corrosion. Also the tanks that stored water should also be checking for above mention reasons and to ensure the microbial load is within the acceptable limits. Generally,water treatment plant should be employed to minimize the microbial load and health risk for the student. Chlorination of water should at least bed one. In case of infection or disease caused by Gram positive cocci should best be treated with ciprofloxacin and that caused by Gram Negative E.coli should best be treated with Of loxacinasit is seen in the result above. Students that reside in the hostel are hereby recommended to be taken Vernoniaamygdalina and Alliumsativum occasionally.
