Description
ABSTRACT
This project work is titled design and construction a solar Street Light Control system.A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed in the road for the illumination of such road or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night using solar energy (solar panel) as the primary power supply.
An Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes.
The aim of the work is to build a device that controls street light automatically which is powered by photovoltaic panels that charges a rechargeable battery during the day, the battery in return will be used to powers an LED lamp during the night.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND RELEVANT CONCEPTS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED WORK
2.3 OVERVIEW OF LED LAMPS
2.4 ADVANTAGES OF LED STREET LIGHTS
2.5 DISADVANTAGES OF LED STREET LIGHTS
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM WIRING DIAGRAM
- DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS OF SOLAR STREET LIGHT
- CONTROLLER CIRCUITS
- DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- COST ANALYSIS
- MOUNTING SYSTEMS
- MAINTENANCE OF STREET LIGHT
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Recent technological innovations have paved the way to the rebirth of street lights through solar powered ones. Solar street lights are raised outdoor light sources, which are powered by PV (photovoltaic) panels. These panels are mounted on the lighting structure or connected in the pole. PV panels have a rechargeable battery, providing power to the LED lamp during the entire night (Garrison, 2010). Most of the solar panels automatically sense outdoor light through a light source. These can give off light on successive nights even when the sun’s energy is not available for a couple of days. LED Solar Street Light have energy using sunlight, solar panels during the day to charge the batteries, batteries provide light in the evening, without complex and expensive pipeline, adjustable lighting layout, safety and energy-saving and pollution-free, without manual operation is stable and reliable, saving electricity maintenance-free (Scott, 2010).
LED Solar Street lights to work continuously for more than 3-5 days in rainy weather, Solar Street Lighting system is consists of LED lamp, solar lamps controller, batteries (included battery incubator) and lighting poles, as well as parts. Solar cell module chosen monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon; LED light head adopts high power brand LED as a light source; Controller placed in the battery compartment with light control, time control, overcharge protection, reverse connection protection, more advanced controller has four seasons adjusted lights, half power capabilities, intelligent charge and discharge function; Specialized battery placed on the ground or the incubator, to be used in valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, gel batteries, lithium iron aluminium batteries or batteries (Artz, 2012).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Conventional street light requires constant maintenance, much external wiring, risk of electric shock and only work whenever there is power. These problems made it difficult for the users to use it and people has difficulties of late night movement. Solar street light was invented to overcome these problem in that Solar street lights require much less maintenance compared to conventional street lights.Since external wires are eliminated, risk of accidents are minimized.Electricity produced from solar panels is non-pollutive.
1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the work is to build a street light that is powered by photovoltaic panels generally mounted on the lighting structure. The photovoltaic panels charge a rechargeable battery, which powers a LED lamp during the night.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work, the student involved shall be able to:
- know how to build the device
- learn and explain the working principle of the device
- identify components used in this work
- interpret the circuit used.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This system turns on and turns off automatically by sensing outdoor light using a light source. Solar streetlights are designed to work throughout the night. Many can stay lit for more than one night if the sun is not available for a couple of days. Older models included lamps that were not fluorescent or LED. Solar lights installed in windy regions are generally equipped with flat panels to better cope with the winds.
1.7 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of solar street light is to give the user a compact light solution in the street during the night time.
1.7 BENEFIT OF THE STUDY
Due to off-grid nature of solar street lights, solar street lights incur minimal operational costs. Such lights are wireless in nature and are independent of the utility company. Compared to conventional street lights, solar street lights require almost zero maintenance. Due to the absence of external wires, these lights do not pose any threat of accidents like electrocution, strangulation and overheating. Infact, solar lights illuminate the streets throughout the night irrespective of power cuts and grid failures.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Solar street lights require higher initial investment compared to conventional street lights. This is actually the main reason why most people are having second thoughts about switching to solar street lights. They consider the money they are required to spend without realizing the long-term benefits and the longer life cycle of solar street lights (Artz, 2012).
Because these are non-wired, these can easily be stolen. The risk for theft is relatively higher because it has higher monetary value compared to regular street lights.
Snow or dust, and moisture can accumulate on horizontal PV-panels. This leads to reduced or full stoppage of energy production. This is why solar street lights need to be checked once in a while especially when placed on areas with extreme weather conditions, which can damage or shorten the life cycle of it.
Rechargeable batteries must be replaced a few times within the lifetime of the fixtures. This adds up to the total lifetime cost of the lighting system.
1.9 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project deals with the design of a solar street light. This device uses panels to convert the solar power into electricity. It is also quick and easy to charge the batteries and the control is automatic. The automatic control of the device eliminates human intervention for manual switching and control of the security light.
1.10 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design of the device was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construction of the circuit was carried out. The construction of this project includes the placing of components on Vero boards, soldering and connection of components,
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.11 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Kilowatt-hour (kWh): Standard unit for electricity.
Off grid: Completely disconnected from the electricity grid, with no access to utility-generated electricity. Homes that go off grid need to generate all of their electricity on-site.
Photovoltaic (PV): A type of device that generates electricity directly from sunlight. Solar panels are photovoltaic devices.
Power rating: Represents the theoretical power output of a solar panel in ideal conditions. While power rating is a good indicator of quality, most solar panels don’t experience ideal conditions for more than a few moments.
Solar panel efficiency: Represents how well a solar panel converts sunlight into electricity.
Solar-plus-storage: Industry term referring to a solar energy system that also includes a battery to store excess energy.
Temperature coefficient: Represents how well a solar panel can perform in high-heat conditions. As with all electronics, high heat can negatively affect solar panel performance.
1.12 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
Street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed in the road for the illumination of such road or is an electrical device used to create artificial light by use of an electric lamp that is used in the road. All street light fixtures have a fixture body and a light socket to hold the lamp and allow for its replacement.
Street lighting can illuminate your road; it can help you to see who is calling at night and deter criminals from lurking; it can allow you to make the most of a patio during warm summer nights; and it can create dramatic visual effects of light and shadow among the plants.
Major advantages of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. External lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in our road where the need for illumination is needed. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel.
Working on this topic as my project is a good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be given to other students both in higher and lower class.
