Description
ABSTRACT
The Nigerian rivers region power network is characterized by low voltage and voltages outside acceptable limits that hinder quality power supply. Voltage profile of a power network provides a measure of the quality of power supply. The FACTS is modelled and simulation is carried out in Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) to enhance the voltage profile of the Nigerian 330kV Transmission Network. Ant colony algorithm is used to optimally place FACTS on the Network. During a low voltage state on the Network, the system generates reactive power. However, when the Network voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (FACTS inductive control effect), thus stabilizing the power network.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- DESCRIPTION OF THE NIGERIA POWER SYSTEM
- COMPONENTS USED IN ELECTRICAL EARTHING SYSTEM
- COLLAPSES OF THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL GRID
- CAUSES OF POWER GRID COLLAPSES IN NIGERIA
- THENIGERIANGRIDSYSTEM
- COMPENSATIONTECHNIQUE
- FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FLEXIBLE ALTERNATING CURRENT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS)
- TYPES OF FACTS DEVICES
- FACTS PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- FACTS PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION
- FACTS MODELING
- FACTS OPTIMISATION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 SYSTEM SIMULATION
4.2 NIGERIANRIVERS REGIONGRIDSYSTEMWITHFACTS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Electrical energy is pivotal upon which a country’s development and its economic growth revolves (Arya, 2017). However, electrical energy production by means of power generation and transmission is a complex process, requiring theworking of many components of the power system to ensure good power quality and reliability of supply. Complexelectrical power consists of two components, the active or real power and the reactive power (imaginary power)component. Reactive Power can be described as the quantity of unused power that is developed by synchronousgenerators and reactive components, such as inductors or capacitors in an AC circuit or system. Imaginary powerrepresents the product of volts and amperes that are out of phase with each other.
The amount of reactive power in an AC circuit depends on the phase shift between the voltage and the current. Reactive power provides the important function of regulating the system voltage, helping to move active power effectively through the utility grid and transmission lines to where it is required by the load (Arya, 2017). Loads like electric motor and other inductive loads require reactive power for their operation.
To improve the performance of alternating current (a.c) power systems, we need to manage this reactive power in an efficient way and this is known as reactive power compensation. Reactive power is positive when it is supplied and negative when it is absorbed. There are two aspects to the problem of reactive power compensation, load compensation and voltage support. Load compensation consists of improvement in power factor, balancing of real power drawn from the supply and better voltage regulation of large fluctuating loads (Arya, 2017).
Voltage support consists of reduction of voltage fluctuation at a given terminal of the transmission line. Two types of compensation can be used: series and shunt compensation. These modify the parameters of the system to give enhanced VAR compensation. In recent years, static VAR compensators like the STATCOM have been developed which is another form of FACTs. These quite satisfactorily do the job of absorbing or generating reactive power with a faster time response and come under Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). This allows an increase in transfer of apparent power through a transmission line, and improves stability by the adjustment of parameters that govern the power system, that is, current, voltage, phaseangle, frequency and impedance (Arya, 2017).
This research therefore, intends to investigate a better way to improve the stability of the existing rivers region power system network rather than considering the need for setting up new ones, hence, the use of FACTs as acompensator to provide afast dynamic reactive compensation for voltage profile improvement especially duringcontingenciesonthe Nigeria rivers region330kVgridsystem(Arya, 2017).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Unfortunately, electricity is not always used in large demand in a location it is been generated due to the nature of the transmission line, there is possibility of experiencing low bus voltages, lines overload, frequency fluctuations and poor system damping in the power network, thereby making the stability of the network to be weak when subjected to fault conditions. Load flow analysis was carried out on the system with the view of estimating and analyzing the real and reactive power flow and bus voltages. FACTS was developed to satisfactorily do the job of absorbing or generating reactive power with a faster time response. The problem of low voltage was solved by the use of FACTS device using continuation power flow method.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this work is to carry out a research on voltage profile enhancement in the rivers region of the Nigerian grid system using (FACTS). The objectives of the study are:
- To examine bus voltages in the Nigeria 330kV interconnected power system.
- To enhance voltage profile in a power grid network.
- To investigate a better way to improve the stability of the existing Nigerian revers region power system network.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The work will serve as a means of devising a dependable solution model and strategy for improving violated bus in the Nigerian 330kV line.
This study will serve as a means of improving the stability of the existing Nigerian revers region power system network.
The work will serve as a meansof estimating and analyzing the real and reactive power flow and bus voltages.
The study will serve as a means of carrying out a power-flow study which usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Voltage profile of a power network provides a measure of the quality of power supply. In this work, FACTS is modelled and simulated in Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) to enhance the voltage profile of the Nigerian 330kV Transmission Network.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
This research work has successfully applied the basic structure of FACTs operating under different voltage control and its bus model on the network considered. Simulations carried out confirmed that the FACTs is capable of providing a swift voltage support to prevent the possibility of voltage sagging or system collapse of the Nigerian 330Kv network especially during fault conditions. The use of the Ant Colony Algorithm for optimal placement of the FACTs is elucidated in this paper. The effects of FACTs toward improving voltage profile, reactive power and transient condition minimization have been fully achieved.
