Description
ABSTRACT
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are more popularly known as Drone, which is basically a flying robot [Rouse, 2015]. Drones are most often used in military services. However, it is also used for weather monitoring, firefighting, search and rescue, surveillance and traffic monitoring [Kristen, 2014] etc. This kind of activities suggest that human officers (security organizations, law enforcement, police etc.) would be able to remotely monitor and view video and data acquired from Drones while planning and evaluating their operations. The spectrum of applications where drones are used for security purposes is vast: scouting and reporting emergencies, monitoring accidents and crimes, surveillance of a certain landscape area, operating in highly busy and pedestrians as well as their tracking from up in the sky, and so on.
The project will serve as a bridge to connect actual happening in areas that cannot be navigated easily by security personnel of corporate institution as the Drone will be used to hover and record the actual happening as it transmit to a ground station which records and analyses the events as they streams in, also due its capability of flying over different altitudes the drone can generally be used on areas with rugged terrains or over water bodies for a time dependent on its power capacity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- ASSUMPTIONS AND DE-LIMITATIONS
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 THEORY AND OPERATION OF DRONE
2.3 POWER SUPPLY AND PLATFORM- COMPUTING POWER
2.5 DRONE SENSORS
2.6 DRONE ACTUATORS
2.7 SOFTWARE
2.8 FLIGHT STACK OVERVIEW
2.9 LOOP PRINCIPLES
2.10 FLIGHT CONTROLS
2.11 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 HARDWARE DESIGN
3.3 COMPONENTS USED CONSIDERATION
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.5 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.6 SPEED CONTROLLER CONNECTION DIAGRAM
3.7 SELECTION OF PROPELLER
3.8 DRONE MOVEMENT MECHANISM
3.9 HARDWARE DESIGN PROCEDURE
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND TEST ANALYSIS
4.1 ASSEMBLY
4.2 TEST
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- CONCLUSIONS
- CHALLENGES
- RECOMMENDATIONS
GLOSSARY
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
MAV Micro Air Vehicle
PDF Payload Directed Flight
ECMs Electronically Commutated Motors BLDC Brushless DC motors
DC direct current
AC Alternating Current
FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum ESCs Electronic Speed Controller
IEDs Improvised explosive devices
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Surveillance is the monitoring of the behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting them. This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment (such as CCTV cameras), or interception of electronically transmitted information (such as Internet traffic or phone calls); and it can include simple, relatively no- or low-technology methods such as human intelligence agents and interception and aerial surveillance where drones are applied to relay information and gathering the required data.
This work focuses on a quad-copter type of drone which is uses four rotors for lift, steering, and stabilization. Unlike other aerial vehicles, the quad-copter can achieve vertical flight in a more stable condition. The quad-copter is not affected by the torque issues that a helicopter experiences due to the main rotor. Furthermore, due to the quad-copter‟s cyclic design, it is easier to construct and maintain. In the project design of a quad-copter is constructed to ensure it can achieve a total flight of 10 minutes in Air with the possibility of future progress to improve in time and robustness.
1.2 problem statement
Visibility is often impaired for those inside the vehicles, making it difficult to see all possible threats ahead, behind, and to the side. Lack of visibility creates a significant danger from insurgents. Travel routes can span hundreds of miles where explosive detectors, bomb-sniffing dogs, or law enforcement is costly, but still does not guarantee complete safety. Improved visibility for individuals in the vehicles can help mitigate these external risks. The prototype can be applied as a bridge that can help record the happening of an area in space giving the real scenario with minimum human guidance
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study
The main aim of this work is to design and construct a working model of a drone that will achieve total autonomous flight that can be used for surveillance
Specific objectives
- To gain some knowledge that will be applied in implementing this project
- To design and construct a drone that can successfully take off, the drone should fly unaided and smoothly.
- Carry out tests on the designed drone for maximum flight time, maximum height it can fly and the total range of laterally distance it can fly.
- To implement the drone and that will completely carry out instructions and commands
1.4 Assumptions and De-limitations
It is assumed that the drone will with stand the effects of wind as its general aerodynamic design is made to cater for any adverse effects. The propellers used by the Drone are designed at an angle that will give 80% efficiency in cases where the wind speed is normal.
1.5 Significance and Motivation of Study
This project created a platform to learn about the unmanned aerial vehicles such as the quad-copter. This expands the scope of the Electrical Engineering to include the control and the understanding of the mathematical components. The quad-copter has many applications that an interested to develop security systems, mapping and reconnaissance especially in a disaster and dangerous area. It also opens up the possibilities to broaden the understanding and application of control systems, stabilization, artificial Intelligence and computer Image processing as it applies to the quadcopter.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Though this was an ambitious project, a lot of preliminary designs were considered during the research in order to develop a versatile quadcopter that would serve as a tool to undertake Aerial Security Surveillance System. The anticipated results from the design of the quadcopter were as follows:
- The designed quadcopter should weigh at least 5Kgs
- The quadcopter should take off and land
- The quadcopter should take all commands given and interpret them effectively
- The quadcopter should hover laterally and vertically with ease.
The prototype designed is user friendly and can be easily used to satisfy the specific goals outlined in chapter one, among all the above anticipated results the designed Quadcopter was able to take off and landing safely was achieved.
5.2 Challenges
- The components were too expensive, the estimated cost was around twenty thousand but it was more than this value due to some un-foreseen expenses that did crop up during the project fabrication, this made the design be limited in functionality.
- The payload system was very expensive thereby making the installation of the camera, video transmitter and receiver expensive, hence it limited the project to using an android phone as an alternative mean incase the picture or video were to be
- During the flight test, at one time the quadcopter crashed hard from a height of around 20 meters while testing the battery capacity, the quadcopter charge dropped 7.5 Volts which is the minimum voltage that can maintain the quadcopter in air and hence resulting to that fatal fall that resulted to breaking all the propellers and one arm of the quadcopter .
- Flying a quadcopter was the hardest challenge as needed a prior knowledge of flying a similar model of quadcopter of an airplane, these been my first time to make the quadcopter limited me to making crucial decision like taking off the quadcopter from the air and safe landing the quadcopter.
The quadcopter had a problem with constant lateral motion thus making control an issue that after doing the test analysis, the control and flying the quadcopter was a big challenge, lastly the quadcopter crashed several times before learning proper control and flying.
5.3 Recommendations
Despite success of this project, there is still work to be done, given more time and resources many changes would have been done in the design, additional sensors could also be added to improve the flight performance such as sonar and an optical flow sensor. These steps would help increase precision of flight (especially in wind), stability of the quadcopter, and the overall tracking. Also a camera could be installed in the quadcopter that can send video and picture to a base station that would receive information and take the necessary decision. In design to make the quadcopter full autonomy obstacle sensor is necessary feature, which could include a sonar sensor in front of the Quadcopter, this would be a simple and quick addition to prevent the quadcopter from running into objects, another alternative would be to use a camera or several cameras and implement a form of computer vision to detect objects and determine the best course to circumnavigate the object. Adding obstacle avoidance would drastically increase the usefulness and market-readiness of this prototype. Lastly the individual learning to fly quadcopter should seek proper guidance from the civil aviation department which as an institution charged with the training and certification of licensing of pilots.
